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A GRIN WITHOUT A CAT
2
00:00:03,080 --> 00:00:07,100
I'm not among those who saw "Potemkin"
when it first came out; I was too young.
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But I remember clearly
the shot of the meat,...
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...with the maggots.
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And the small tent where the dead lay...
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...and in front of which the first man stops...
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And when the other sailors
take aim at the battleship's bridge.
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And, when the officer gives
the order to fire,...
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A tall sailor with a big
moustache shouts out a word...
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...that covers the entire screen in big letters:
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BROTHERS!
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First Part
THE FRAGILE HANDS
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Irina, do you come often to these
stairs with tourists?
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Yes, very often. Sometimes,
two or three times on the same day,...
15
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...because I worked for a year
as a translator for tourists in Odessa.
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00:04:21,060 --> 00:04:23,180
(Jorge Semprъn)
In the sixties, everything changed.
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00:04:23,240 --> 00:04:24,880
We were coming out of the Cold War...
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...and the Revolution of 1917
belonged in the museums.
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The most brilliant minds held that, at last, we'd reached
the Age of Reason.
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And the only problem left
was to find out when and how...
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...humanity would reach
a universal standard of civilization.
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00:04:38,420 --> 00:04:39,540
And then everything came down...
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00:04:39,740 --> 00:04:41,620
...in Cuba, China...
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But, if we had to put it in one word
that would evidently be Vietnam.
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00:04:51,161 --> 00:04:55,261
FROM VIETNAM TO
THE DEATH OF THE CHE
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00:04:56,420 --> 00:04:57,780
(An American pilot speaks to the camera)
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(Paul Vergйs)
The war in Vietnam in the '60s and '70s...
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...was the Spanish Civil War
of today,...
29
00:08:43,420 --> 00:08:45,460
...is the Spanish Civil War of today.
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00:08:46,140 --> 00:08:49,300
But the Spanish Civil War at
that time,...
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...a war in whose context was...
32
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...the treason of Western Democracies,...
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00:08:57,700 --> 00:08:59,420
...was a lost cause.
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00:08:59,700 --> 00:09:03,500
It was a cause that allowed for
mobilization, crystallization,...
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...and observation.
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But, objectively, a lost cause.
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On the other hand, the war in Vietnam is
the Spanish Civil War of our days...
38
00:09:12,620 --> 00:09:15,100
...but with the possibility of
defeating imperialism...
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...in a specific spot of the globe.
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00:09:54,840 --> 00:09:59,520
It wasn't a real mutiny, but a simulated one.
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It was, like everything else in
these camps, a spectacle.
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A complete repertoire of anti-subversive
techniques. One big game.
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There were visitors from all over the world,
specially Latin America.
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Who were as in a car showroom,...
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00:11:26,040 --> 00:11:28,320
...to see the new models,
the latest technology,...
46
00:11:28,800 --> 00:11:31,720
...to study, compare and buy
the latest anti-subversive tools.
47
00:12:08,840 --> 00:12:11,120
(Vietnam, 1968)
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00:12:11,220 --> 00:12:15,660
A loudspeaker plays out the supposed
last words of a Vietcong who died in battle.
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His family calls him, but he says:
"It's too late. I'm dead".
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00:12:22,740 --> 00:12:26,220
And urges his comrades to abandon
the jungle before they die like him.
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(Vietnam, 1966)
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00:14:12,981 --> 00:14:15,381
(Washington DC, 1965)
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(Wall Street Executives)
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(Paul Vergиs)
Vietnam was, and still is,...
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...the only question that can
mobilise the masses...
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...in Sweden as in Paris,...
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...in the United States and in Moscow,
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...in Beijing or New Delhi,...or Algiers.
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That is to say, never before has History put a nation...
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...in such a convergence point
of all the world's contradictions.
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And it is beginning with the
conflict in Vietnam...
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...that people in the world
felt concerned,...
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...implicated in this struggle for
independence, socialism,...
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...in this struggle for peace.
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00:17:10,040 --> 00:17:13,160
Today everyone is concerned
about the Vietnamese.
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00:17:14,280 --> 00:17:17,880
And what , from our perspective,
is exemplary...
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...is the modesty of the Vietnamese people,
and their realism.
68
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It's a people that,
under the direction of their Party,...
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...makes no reproaches,
shows no bitterness.
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00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:34,640
But who don't make up any illusions, either.
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A people that believes in its own strength.
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And, as far as the Vietnamese people
are concerned,...
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...there's no doubt that, for an intelligent
and realist spirit,...
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...taking the decision of liberating Vietnam...
75
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...facing the American involvement...
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...was, obviously, madness.
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(Simone Signoret)
We couldn't believe it.
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The slogan then was: "Peace in Vietnam".
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Just like "Stop the massacres".
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A tiny nation, threatened by a giant.
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A nation we had to rescue.
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(Paris, 1967)
The idea they could win came much later.
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After all, don't forget that
"Victory for the Vietcong"...
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...was a left-wing slogan then.
85
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We never thought that Vietnam could be for the USA....
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...what Indochina had been for France.
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(Paul Cиbe)
I was 18 when I went to Indochina,
and 20 when I came back to France.
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00:18:37,380 --> 00:18:40,220
In Indochina I learned a lot
from my militant comrades.
89
00:18:40,220 --> 00:18:44,380
In Indochina I met many
"Republican fighters".
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They were communist officers,
they are all dead now.
91
00:18:51,060 --> 00:18:52,340
I was sent to Indochina...
92
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...to fight the "Yellow danger",
naturally.
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Later, I learned it wasn't fair to
fight the "Yellow danger"...
94
00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:07,220
...and then I met these
republican officers.
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I collaborated with them and
then I discovered books!
96
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I discovered people called Jaurиs,...
97
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...called Lenin, etc.
98
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Well, I came back.
99
00:19:26,620 --> 00:19:31,180
And I realised that the people
who worked in factories,...
100
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...though they couldn't explain it clearly,...
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...were much like the militants
I'd met in Indochina.
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00:19:44,620 --> 00:19:47,340
And I realised that these problems
that had to be solved,...
103
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...the problems that had caught my eye,...
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...that they could only be solved by these people.
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The workers.
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(Saint- Nazaire, May 1st 1967.
End of the longest strike of the post-war in Sud-Aviation)
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I'm sure you will celebrate our victory...
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...going home with a common purpose,
as when you left it.
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You must be united for
the everyday struggle of tomorrow...
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...and for future confrontations,
for the fight will be long and hard.
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Strengthen your unions and work for their unity,...
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...for there cannot be a strong working class...
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...without powerful unions.
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The power of the unions must surpass...
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...the combined power of the bosses
and the government.
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00:20:55,880 --> 00:20:58,280
But how did you live through
these two months?
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(Georges Frischmann, CGT)
We lived through...
The fishermen helped us, so we had fish.
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We queued up for the fish, like
in the war, for bread.
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Good... I mean, bad memories.
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It was a hard time, but we
had this kind of...
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A 60 or 62 year old man told me:
"In these last 2 months I felt alive again".
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(Lescure, CGT delegate)
People who had never striked for an hour...
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...did it for two months.
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They saw they could live without many things...
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...they'd considered necessary until then...
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...that these things were not essential...
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...that the essential thing was their human dignity.
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It won't end here.
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We'll hear about it for a long time.
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We'll say: Remember '67?
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We feel we had a real movement...
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00:21:59,880 --> 00:22:02,920
Our elders say that '36 was
a different thing.
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We'll tell them: "67 wasn't too bad, either".
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00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:10,580
(Berlin, June 2, 1967)
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00:22:10,990 --> 00:22:15,680
(Extract of a militant film made by Berlin's Free University
students)
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00:22:15,740 --> 00:22:17,510
Iran's Shah, murderer of the journalist Shirazi,...
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00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,760
...and the ministers Faterni and Lofti,...
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...of 71 opposition officers,...
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00:22:22,640 --> 00:22:26,320
...of hundreds of communists,
civilians and students...
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00:22:26,320 --> 00:22:27,960
I was at the June 2nd events.
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00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:34,000
The Shah was in Berlin. The students
demonstrated against him.
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And a student was killed.
143
00:22:36,320 --> 00:22:39,600
This man who earns 400 million dollars...
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...while his subjects starve to death...
145
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...is welcomed by West Germany.
146
00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:46,280
We moved towards the Shah
and he moved towards us.
147
00:22:48,680 --> 00:22:53,000
An unit of Iranian secret police
faces the demonstrators.
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00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:55,920
The most scary thing was...
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00:22:55,920 --> 00:23:01,200
(Doctor Scherberwen, father of the student)
...when some 12 students...
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...armed with chains and bats
came towards us...
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...swinging at everything.
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Someone raised a bat over me...
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...and everyone thought: "They are going
to smash the old man's head".
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Someone pulled me and I fell.
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We faced the edge of the organised violence
of the system...
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This reveals the inherent
weakness of our actions.
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00:23:52,721 --> 00:23:54,021
(Rudi Dutschke)
158
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:58,800
They aren't organised.
No one controls them.
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00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:02,320
They are spontaneously made
by the demonstrators.
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00:24:02,680 --> 00:24:06,000
The fact that they aren't organised...
161
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:07,800
...is good, but it's also very dangerous.
162
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:12,000
The organised counter-violence
can crush us, like it did on June 2.
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00:24:13,100 --> 00:24:16,080
(Daniel Cohn-Bendit)
Germany was a stimulus. Why?
164
00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:19,960
Because German students showed
us it was possible...
165
00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:25,080
...to make not only corporative demands
from the university...
166
00:24:25,080 --> 00:24:29,960
...but also to ask radical
questions about society...
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00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:33,360
...which could lead to radical
transformations of society.
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00:24:33,360 --> 00:24:35,960
In this way Germany was indeed
a stimulus.
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00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:41,680
But the situation here is very
different.
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00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:47,920
I think it is important to underline the specific
aspects of the situation in France.
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00:24:48,280 --> 00:24:50,240
In France there is a Communist Party.
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00:24:50,680 --> 00:24:54,320
In France there is an opposition
which doesn't exist in Germany.
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00:24:55,760 --> 00:25:00,560
On April 11, 1968, Rudi was gravely wounded by gunfire...
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00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:02,440
...while he cycled in a Berlin street.
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He'd written: "We must revolutionise revolutionaries".
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00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:08,480
A key phrase of the '60s.
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00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:13,600
(La Paz, Bolivia, June 1967)
178
00:25:31,260 --> 00:25:34,880
I saw in the walls of La Paz
slogans like "ЎViva Fidel!",...
179
00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:36,240
...hammers and sickles,...
180
00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:39,240
...as well as posters which asked for the capital...
181
00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:42,320
...punishment for Rйgis Debray,
a guerrilla theoretician,...
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00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:46,020
...we knew he was French,
that he was a philosopher...
183
00:25:46,320 --> 00:25:51,140
...and that he'd published a book in Maspero titled: "Revolution
in the revolution?".
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00:25:52,082 --> 00:25:53,663
I don't think my book will have much echo.
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00:25:54,127 --> 00:25:55,864
It would be great if they published it.
186
00:25:56,528 --> 00:25:58,960
And if I didn't publish books I wouldn't be an editor;...
187
00:25:58,995 --> 00:26:01,908
...I would be at the Marxist Studies
Institute to define all the concepts,...
188
00:26:02,317 --> 00:26:05,429
...in a scientific and theoretical way, that,
once the concepts were defined,...
189
00:26:05,791 --> 00:26:08,700
...we'd use them in books of such perfection...
190
00:26:08,735 --> 00:26:10,660
...that all we'd need was for them
to be published to have the Revolution done.
191
00:26:16,281 --> 00:26:18,300
(Black Panthers rally, San Francisco)
192
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:08,160
There was a profound impression, first of all,...
193
00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:11,720
...that finally this generation was living its 1917,...
194
00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:15,000
...that it was finally into
something important.
195
00:27:15,920 --> 00:27:18,080
And this something was the Cultural Revolution,...
196
00:27:18,520 --> 00:27:20,510
...which aimed to flood the institutions...
197
00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:22,920
...and even the Party with a wave...
198
00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:25,520
...that would have been seen
as counter-revolutionary...
199
00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:28,120
...had it not been personally
approved by Mao.
200
00:27:35,591 --> 00:27:37,000
(Paris, 1962 - Metro Charonne)
201
00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:41,440
And also a new attitude in the
demonstrations, more aggressive,...
202
00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:44,160
...born from a real need of
striking back,...
203
00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:50,520
...contrary to what had happened at Charonne,
where there was no response.
204
00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:53,440
Moreover, there was the question of space.
205
00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:56,640
The police lines represented a
kind of order.
206
00:27:56,640 --> 00:27:58,360
The union and student lines another.
207
00:28:01,264 --> 00:28:03,813
And between the two, a space.
A space which had to be filled.
208
00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:06,280
At that moment, anyone in that space...
209
00:28:06,280 --> 00:28:09,120
...could only be considered
an alien provocateur.
210
00:28:09,120 --> 00:28:11,400
And maybe they were, after all.
211
00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:14,400
But it made for a new kind of confrontation.
212
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:16,800
Amidst ourselves, to start with.
213
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:22,080
When, in October 1967, a protest
was broken up by the fights between...
214
00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:25,760
...the pro-communists and the pro-Chinese,
as they were called then,...
215
00:28:25,760 --> 00:28:29,160
...it wasn't normal. It was something new.
216
00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:33,520
It had a new meaning. And the shouts
for "Unity, unity!"...
217
00:28:33,520 --> 00:28:35,840
...from the crowd, meant something too.
218
00:28:51,777 --> 00:28:55,753
And this is where this "New Left" was born.
219
00:28:58,139 --> 00:29:05,268
Maybe what didn't get much attention then
was the rising of the "New Right".
220
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,845
In 1967 Giscard D'Estaing asked me if I'd accept...
221
00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:14,391
...taking part of political action with him.
222
00:29:15,289 --> 00:29:17,373
And, more particularly, of organising...
223
00:29:17,994 --> 00:29:19,924
...the new United and Independent Republicans Party.
224
00:29:22,560 --> 00:29:26,040
At that time we used to think their
strategies were quite poor.
225
00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:30,351
Today, looking back, we see that indeed they were.
226
00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:32,920
I hope that being off key in music...
227
00:29:32,920 --> 00:29:35,840
...will allow me not be so in politics.
228
00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:43,240
On March 13, 1967,...
229
00:29:43,460 --> 00:29:47,720
While the workers at Rhodia invented
a new way of striking by occupying.
230
00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:52,600
Fidel Castro announces his rupture with
the Latin American orthodox Communist Parties.
231
00:29:53,501 --> 00:29:54,901
Revolution in the revolution.
232
00:29:56,427 --> 00:29:58,258
There are those...
233
00:29:58,530 --> 00:30:00,725
...who call themselves revolutionaries...
234
00:30:01,099 --> 00:30:05,035
...and, yet, are against the revolutionary movement.
235
00:30:05,370 --> 00:30:07,668
They demoralise the peoples.
236
00:30:07,939 --> 00:30:12,501
They exploit any setbacks...
237
00:30:12,777 --> 00:30:15,211
...to discredit the revolutionary struggle...
238
00:30:15,513 --> 00:30:17,276
...against imperialism.
239
00:30:17,615 --> 00:30:20,345
Instead of instilling in people...
240
00:30:20,618 --> 00:30:22,745
...a sense of struggle, of the duty,...
241
00:30:23,021 --> 00:30:25,421
...of the sacred obligation to fight,...
242
00:30:25,690 --> 00:30:29,217
...they sow the seeds of discouragement.
243
00:30:29,694 --> 00:30:33,460
They support those who are against the guerrilla.
244
00:30:33,865 --> 00:30:38,199
They support those who desert the guerrilla
245
00:30:38,469 --> 00:30:40,528
We have the example of...
246
00:30:40,805 --> 00:30:44,536
...Venezuela, where the rightist,
reactionary direction...
247
00:30:44,809 --> 00:30:47,334
...of the Communist Party...
248
00:30:47,612 --> 00:30:49,341
...has betrayed the guerrilleros...
249
00:30:49,614 --> 00:30:52,082
...abandoning them in the mountains.
250
00:30:52,550 --> 00:30:54,745
It has betrayed the very men...
251
00:30:55,019 --> 00:30:59,319
...who hold the flag of the revolutionary
struggle and who are still fighting.
252
00:31:00,024 --> 00:31:04,154
(1963, Falcon Mountain)
253
00:31:05,320 --> 00:31:09,420
This interview was recorded in 1963,
before the general elections.
254
00:31:09,831 --> 00:31:12,664
(Douglas Bravo)
It is usually said...
255
00:31:12,871 --> 00:31:15,465
...that there is a struggle...
256
00:31:15,740 --> 00:31:18,971
...between the opposition and the government.
257
00:31:19,410 --> 00:31:21,571
We go much further:
258
00:31:21,846 --> 00:31:25,077
We hold that it's not a struggle between
the opposition and the government,...
259
00:31:25,350 --> 00:31:30,778
...it's a struggle between rich and poor.
260
00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:32,840
Apparently, the rich won.
261
00:31:34,040 --> 00:31:38,120
At the last moment, the left called
for abstention, but was ignored.
262
00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:42,080
The right won with Leoni,
and that was the breaking point.
263
00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:48,280
It led to a refoundation movement by the CP and some elements
of the extreme left.
264
00:31:49,560 --> 00:31:52,840
The rest, back to the armed struggle,
backed by Cuba.
265
00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:56,440
Little after, Douglas was expelled from the party.
266
00:31:56,440 --> 00:31:59,240
And both lines insisted in hating themselves mutually.
267
00:32:02,440 --> 00:32:06,120
Here, nothing is like China, except, maybe, the greatest heresy:
268
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:09,840
The Party is no longer the sole expression of the vanguard.
269
00:32:10,280 --> 00:32:12,160
It can be questioned and overruled.
270
00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:15,800
It's not that the Communist Party is
systematically opposed to the armed struggle,...
271
00:32:15,840 --> 00:32:18,280
...like the extreme left is anxious to proclaim,...
272
00:32:18,280 --> 00:32:21,500
...but the question is: who leads,
the Party of the guerrilla?
273
00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:24,720
The Cuban answer, that of Douglas
and of Che's,...
274
00:32:24,721 --> 00:32:28,721
...that of Revolution in the Revolution, is unequivocal.
275
00:32:30,440 --> 00:32:33,160
Political and military unity
under the guerrilla.
276
00:32:34,760 --> 00:32:36,720
This would become incarnated...
277
00:32:36,720 --> 00:32:40,080
...in the theories of 'Foquism'.
278
00:32:40,880 --> 00:32:44,080
This can explain what would
happen years later in Bolivia.
279
00:32:45,480 --> 00:32:48,680
But it was there, in Venezuela,
where this split was born...
280
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:51,840
...in the Latin American
revolutionary movement...
281
00:32:51,840 --> 00:32:55,160
...which transformed the guerrilla
in a spearhead without a spear.
282
00:32:58,910 --> 00:33:03,074
Sure, the greatest
flaw in the guerrilla...
283
00:33:03,348 --> 00:33:08,342
...has been it's lack of experience
and that is only acquired with time.
284
00:33:08,619 --> 00:33:13,579
Naturally some Latin Americans
who don't lack it...
285
00:33:13,858 --> 00:33:17,555
...such is the case of
Commander Ernesto Guevara.
286
00:33:18,629 --> 00:33:21,598
I haven't the smallest doubt that:
any country,...
287
00:33:21,866 --> 00:33:26,565
...any guerrilla front,...
288
00:33:26,971 --> 00:33:31,135
...which benefits of the cooperation
of Commander Ernesto Guevara,...
289
00:33:31,409 --> 00:33:33,775
...will follow strictly...
290
00:33:34,245 --> 00:33:38,181
...the principles of guerrilla warfare.
291
00:33:38,449 --> 00:33:41,316
And it will be such a good example
to show how when you apply
292
00:33:41,586 --> 00:33:45,920
...the technique, the art of the
guerrilla, properly...
293
00:33:46,190 --> 00:33:48,249
...there can be no defeat.
294
00:33:50,194 --> 00:33:52,094
I had an interview with Fidel...
295
00:33:52,100 --> 00:33:54,800
(Mario Monje, general secretary of
the Bolivian Communist Party)
...on February, '66.
296
00:33:55,166 --> 00:33:57,134
Che was no longer in Cuba...
297
00:33:57,435 --> 00:34:01,269
...but I could imagine where he was...
298
00:34:01,539 --> 00:34:04,508
...or at least where he had left from.
299
00:34:05,977 --> 00:34:09,378
Then I learned that he had...
300
00:34:10,148 --> 00:34:12,582
...left for Congo after his...
301
00:34:12,850 --> 00:34:15,216
...spectacular farewell...
302
00:34:15,486 --> 00:34:17,317
...and that letter...
303
00:34:17,588 --> 00:34:19,317
...which everyone knows.
304
00:34:20,491 --> 00:34:21,617
Fidel,...
305
00:34:22,293 --> 00:34:25,421
...on this moment I remember many things:...
306
00:34:25,730 --> 00:34:28,824
...our meeting at Maria Antonia's,
307
00:34:29,100 --> 00:34:31,830
...your invitation to join with you,...
308
00:34:32,236 --> 00:34:34,830
...and all the tension of the preparations.
309
00:34:35,673 --> 00:34:37,732
One day, they went around asking...
310
00:34:38,009 --> 00:34:39,909
...who should be contacted in case of death...
311
00:34:41,245 --> 00:34:43,543
...and the real possibility of it...
312
00:34:43,815 --> 00:34:45,976
...was a blow to us all.
313
00:34:46,451 --> 00:34:49,147
Later we'd know that it was true.
314
00:34:49,420 --> 00:34:53,049
That in a Revolution one either wins or dies.
315
00:34:53,324 --> 00:34:55,087
...- if it is a true revolution -...
316
00:34:55,993 --> 00:34:59,258
I feel I've carried out the duty...
317
00:34:59,464 --> 00:35:02,922
...which tied me to the Cuban Revolution and its land...
318
00:35:03,234 --> 00:35:05,327
...and I say farewell to you,...
319
00:35:05,536 --> 00:35:09,336
...to my comrades, and to your people, which is mine too.
320
00:35:10,108 --> 00:35:13,942
My only grave mistake was...
321
00:35:14,212 --> 00:35:17,181
...not to trust you fully...
322
00:35:17,448 --> 00:35:20,440
...from the start, at the Sierra Maestra...
323
00:35:20,751 --> 00:35:23,413
...and not to have understood rapidly enough...
324
00:35:23,688 --> 00:35:26,748
...your qualities of revolutionary and leader.
325
00:35:27,024 --> 00:35:28,651
I've lived through great days.
326
00:35:28,926 --> 00:35:32,089
And felt by your side the pride
of belonging to our people...
327
00:35:32,396 --> 00:35:35,832
...in the sad and bright days of the
Missile Crisis.
328
00:35:37,135 --> 00:35:39,695
Other lands in the world...
329
00:35:39,971 --> 00:35:43,270
...demand the help of my modest efforts.
330
00:35:43,720 --> 00:35:47,400
(Paul Seban)
What do you see in Che Guevara. An ideological guide?
331
00:35:48,520 --> 00:35:51,160
No. If I had to name an
ideological guide...
332
00:35:51,160 --> 00:35:53,280
...that would be Marx.
333
00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:55,880
Isn't Marx a bit obsolete.?
334
00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:59,160
I don't think he's obsolete.
335
00:35:59,160 --> 00:36:02,280
Like Sta... Lenin isn't either.
336
00:36:02,920 --> 00:36:05,360
Today, like in the times of Marx, there are people...
337
00:36:05,360 --> 00:36:09,720
...who don't have any education,
who suffer,...
338
00:36:09,720 --> 00:36:11,400
...who starve, etc.
339
00:36:11,960 --> 00:36:15,480
The systematic exploitation continues,
always the same.
340
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:20,040
I think that... no.
Marx isn't obsolete.
341
00:36:20,778 --> 00:36:23,338
(Caracas, Venezuela)
342
00:36:29,187 --> 00:36:31,712
And it has to be said, that a factor...
343
00:36:31,889 --> 00:36:33,754
...has contributed...
344
00:36:34,025 --> 00:36:35,788
...to this lack...
345
00:36:36,327 --> 00:36:38,261
...of political culture:
346
00:36:39,597 --> 00:36:42,532
And it has been, not the use,...
347
00:36:42,833 --> 00:36:44,460
...but the abuse of the manuals...
348
00:36:44,735 --> 00:36:47,636
...of Marxism-Leninism.
349
00:36:53,377 --> 00:36:56,972
It has to be said that there
is much of clichйs,
350
00:36:57,415 --> 00:37:01,010
...of stereotyped slogans,...
351
00:37:01,285 --> 00:37:04,311
...and even, though it's not our
intent to go into...
352
00:37:04,589 --> 00:37:06,750
...the analysis of manuals,...
353
00:37:07,024 --> 00:37:10,551
...some blatant lies!
354
00:37:11,462 --> 00:37:15,023
It is often considered that
the revolutionaries...
355
00:37:15,299 --> 00:37:19,201
...are only the members of a Party...
356
00:37:19,470 --> 00:37:21,870
...or of a sect,...
357
00:37:22,673 --> 00:37:25,107
...and we believe there are many revolutionaries...
358
00:37:25,376 --> 00:37:27,367
...among the youth...
359
00:37:27,912 --> 00:37:32,076
...and among the people without a Party...
360
00:37:33,584 --> 00:37:38,612
New people, who disagree with the
lukewarm,...
361
00:37:40,057 --> 00:37:42,992
...weak, pseudo-revolutionary positions...
362
00:37:43,261 --> 00:37:45,161
...held by some...
363
00:37:45,429 --> 00:37:48,023
...who call themselves revolutionaries.
364
00:37:48,766 --> 00:37:50,996
Because when once or twice...
365
00:37:51,269 --> 00:37:54,329
...they mentioned...
366
00:37:54,605 --> 00:37:59,638
...the famous intercontinental missiles,...
367
00:38:00,711 --> 00:38:05,739
...everyone here started talking about them...
368
00:38:06,017 --> 00:38:07,985
...and counted on them.
369
00:38:08,252 --> 00:38:12,018
As though they had them in their pockets.
370
00:38:15,726 --> 00:38:18,490
That creates, so we see,...
371
00:38:18,796 --> 00:38:22,288
...an accommodated mentality...
372
00:38:22,566 --> 00:38:24,659
...the idea that "we are protected,...
373
00:38:24,935 --> 00:38:27,233
...let's cross our arms".
374
00:38:28,072 --> 00:38:32,532
When, really, the only correct,
intelligent,...
375
00:38:32,810 --> 00:38:36,177
...truly revolutionary thing to do...
376
00:38:36,447 --> 00:38:39,211
...is to think only in ourselves.
377
00:38:39,517 --> 00:38:43,544
Count on our own strength,...
378
00:38:43,821 --> 00:38:48,588
...and never relax in our efforts,...
379
00:38:48,859 --> 00:38:52,454
...so that should the day come we need...
380
00:38:53,197 --> 00:38:55,665
...to face direct aggression...
381
00:38:55,933 --> 00:38:58,026
...from our imperialist enemies,...
382
00:38:58,302 --> 00:39:01,169
...we can think first of ourselves...
383
00:39:01,472 --> 00:39:04,032
...and only of ourselves,...
384
00:39:04,308 --> 00:39:08,506
...and be ever-ready to sell
dear our lives...
385
00:39:08,779 --> 00:39:12,613
...without counting on anyone to defend us.
386
00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:16,800
There's a terrible reality.
387
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:20,200
Vietnam incarnates the hopes of victory...
388
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,600
...of an entire world, forgotten
and, tragically, alone.
389
00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:25,320
(Message of Che Guevara to the Tricontinental,
May, 1967)
390
00:39:25,320 --> 00:39:28,520
Solidarity with the people of Vietnam...
391
00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:33,880
...is like the public's support to the gladiators in Rome.
392
00:39:34,760 --> 00:39:38,840
It's not that you wish well the victim of aggression, but
that you share her faith,...
393
00:39:39,440 --> 00:39:41,520
...you are with her in death or victory.
394
00:39:42,720 --> 00:39:44,680
If we analyse the loneliness of Vietnam...
395
00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:48,120
...we will feel the anguish of
this illogical moment for humanity.
396
00:39:49,360 --> 00:39:51,400
American imperialism is responsible for the aggression.
397
00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:55,600
Its immense crimes cover the globe,
as we know only too well.
398
00:39:56,760 --> 00:39:59,520
But there are others who are guilty.
Those that, when they had to make a choice,...
399
00:39:59,520 --> 00:40:02,920
...faltered in making Vietnam an inviolable socialist territory.
400
00:40:03,880 --> 00:40:06,640
They would have risked a world war...
401
00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:09,720
...but that would have forced the
American imperialists into taking a decision.
402
00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:14,000
Those who wage a war of insults and deceit are also guilty,...
403
00:40:14,100 --> 00:40:18,840
...a war began by representatives of the two great socialist
powers.
404
00:40:18,860 --> 00:40:20,840
Then, the famous words:...
405
00:40:20,840 --> 00:40:23,560
..."Create 2, 3, many Vietnams".
406
00:40:24,760 --> 00:40:27,240
Terrifying, as only logic can be.
407
00:40:28,040 --> 00:40:30,240
No time for dilettante behaviour or pacifism.
408
00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:35,280
It makes it easy to understand why, after the fiery speeches
that followed his death,...
409
00:40:36,240 --> 00:40:38,320
...there was a palpable sensation of relief.
410
00:40:47,640 --> 00:40:50,080
(Wallander, The Pentagon)
411
00:41:07,961 --> 00:41:10,661
(Major Shelton)
412
00:41:34,541 --> 00:41:37,341
Ladies and gentlemen, good evening.
413
00:41:37,342 --> 00:41:41,842
The man of whom we will speak tonight met a great destiny.
414
00:41:42,543 --> 00:41:44,043
Look well at his face.
415
00:41:45,044 --> 00:41:50,044
Look at this face that has set
itself forever in History...
416
00:41:51,045 --> 00:41:54,045
This face that has been printed in hundreds of millions...
417
00:41:54,046 --> 00:41:57,046
...of posters for a large part of our youth.
418
00:41:58,047 --> 00:42:02,047
This face that represents a myth, a symbol...
419
00:42:02,048 --> 00:42:04,048
...of the Cuban Revolution.
420
00:42:04,549 --> 00:42:10,049
This man called Ernesto Guevara de la Serna...
421
00:42:10,050 --> 00:42:13,050
...known to all as Che Guevara...
422
00:42:13,051 --> 00:42:16,051
...or simply as Che.
423
00:42:17,185 --> 00:42:20,778
(Albina du Boisrouvray)
We moved him and then we asked in code...
424
00:42:21,419 --> 00:42:23,228
...the military authorities what were we to do.
425
00:42:24,117 --> 00:42:26,118
They told us to keep him alive.
426
00:42:27,213 --> 00:42:30,444
We took him in helicopter to La Higuera, we put him in the
school,...
427
00:42:30,996 --> 00:42:34,690
...where we dressed his wounds, and he spent the night there.
428
00:42:35,419 --> 00:42:38,650
And a Chief of Staff meeting was held...
429
00:42:38,956 --> 00:42:41,049
...to decide what was to be done with Che.
430
00:42:41,325 --> 00:42:43,384
The decision was taken in La Paz.
431
00:42:42,880 --> 00:42:46,080
Yes. It happened more or less like
in the movies.
432
00:42:46,440 --> 00:42:49,960
The ambush, Che wounded,
taken to La Higuera,...
433
00:42:49,960 --> 00:42:52,960
...whose inhabitants received a reward
from the Bolivian government,...
434
00:42:53,840 --> 00:42:57,000
...the generals' decision to kill him
transmitted to the local authorities...
435
00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:00,320
...and executed by a sub-officer
that today lives under a false name.
436
00:43:01,822 --> 00:43:03,311
The order was given at 11 in the morning,...
437
00:43:03,825 --> 00:43:06,559
...after we'd kept him from 4 in the
afternoon until 11 in the morning.
438
00:43:07,041 --> 00:43:08,985
There's a bizarre detail... What did it say?
439
00:43:09,617 --> 00:43:14,014
That we had to kill him, but to keep the head intact for identification
purposes.
440
00:43:38,280 --> 00:43:40,200
They proposed to set me free...
441
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:43,040
...if I signed a public ideological retraction.
442
00:44:27,601 --> 00:44:29,801
(Cuban Television, October 1967)
443
00:44:23,994 --> 00:44:26,861
Here are the other photos...
444
00:44:30,634 --> 00:44:32,261
And another...
445
00:44:35,673 --> 00:44:37,573
They don't appear too well on the screen.
446
00:44:37,775 --> 00:44:39,640
They are newspaper photos.
447
00:44:39,977 --> 00:44:44,913
So they lose a lot of detail...
448
00:45:24,761 --> 00:45:27,761
(Mario Monje)
449
00:45:28,459 --> 00:45:31,553
If you examine all the documents seriously,...
450
00:45:31,829 --> 00:45:34,525
...you won't find a single...
451
00:45:34,832 --> 00:45:41,527
...agreement of the CP or its leaders...
452
00:45:41,805 --> 00:45:45,366
...to collaborate with the Che's guerrilla in Bolivia.
453
00:45:46,343 --> 00:45:47,503
There aren't any!
454
00:45:48,712 --> 00:45:51,340
And nevertheless the Che shows up here.
455
00:45:51,615 --> 00:45:56,579
What can explain such a situation?
456
00:45:59,022 --> 00:46:01,149
We'll have to take into account...
457
00:46:01,625 --> 00:46:06,424
...what happened in Congo, the time gone by...
458
00:46:06,697 --> 00:46:08,722
...since his disappearance.
459
00:46:09,032 --> 00:46:21,136
And take into account a situation of
explaining before the public opinion
460
00:46:22,646 --> 00:46:25,308
He sent his farewell letter for Congo,
461
00:46:25,582 --> 00:46:30,417
And he couldn't think, just like
no revolutionary could think...
462
00:46:30,687 --> 00:46:33,679
...that he'd go to Congo, win,
463
00:46:33,991 --> 00:46:36,255
...and then go elsewhere, and win again.
464
00:46:36,527 --> 00:46:41,020
No! He was going there, and that
is where he'd probably have to give his life.
465
00:46:41,298 --> 00:46:44,028
But that didn't happen - for many reasons -...
466
00:46:44,301 --> 00:46:48,135
...and he had to leave Africa...
467
00:46:48,405 --> 00:46:50,305
...and find something else.
468
00:46:50,574 --> 00:46:53,042
He told me himself:...
469
00:46:53,310 --> 00:46:55,870
..."I could never go back to Cuba...
470
00:46:56,146 --> 00:46:58,410
For me, that was done for.
471
00:46:58,715 --> 00:47:02,651
I had said farewell very solemnly".
472
00:47:02,953 --> 00:47:06,252
So he had to find somewhere else...
473
00:47:07,491 --> 00:47:09,652
...and Bolivia seemed a good place,...
474
00:47:09,927 --> 00:47:12,361
...among other things,...
475
00:47:12,629 --> 00:47:15,996
...because we were in a process
of preparation...
476
00:47:16,266 --> 00:47:17,927
...and they knew it.
477
00:47:18,936 --> 00:47:21,234
Then he told me:
478
00:47:21,505 --> 00:47:27,341
"I can't give you the revolutionary leadership...
479
00:47:27,744 --> 00:47:31,373
...because you don't believe in the guerrilla.
480
00:47:31,815 --> 00:47:34,511
You have other plans,...
481
00:47:34,785 --> 00:47:40,355
...you believe in a national insurrection
482
00:47:40,624 --> 00:47:43,149
...with no set date, no set time...
483
00:47:43,427 --> 00:47:47,921
...based on the evolution of the contradictions."
484
00:47:48,232 --> 00:47:50,063
So I told him: Yes,...
485
00:47:50,334 --> 00:47:52,234
...you've understood me well.
486
00:47:52,669 --> 00:47:55,331
I don't believe the guerrilla...
487
00:47:55,606 --> 00:47:57,437
...can lead us to the revolution.
488
00:47:59,776 --> 00:48:02,939
And if you met him today? Would you accept that?
489
00:48:05,649 --> 00:48:10,948
I think he would understand the situation better.
490
00:48:11,221 --> 00:48:16,283
I believe that more than me understanding his tactics,...
491
00:48:16,593 --> 00:48:24,064
...he'd understand my positions of 1967.
492
00:48:24,368 --> 00:48:27,963
What's more; I think he'd say I was right.
493
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:35,720
1967 saw the rising of a peculiar kind of teenagers.
494
00:48:36,320 --> 00:48:37,480
They all looked the same.
495
00:48:38,080 --> 00:48:39,960
They recognised each other immediately.
496
00:48:41,600 --> 00:48:45,160
They seemed to have a mute but
absolute knowledge of some things...
497
00:48:48,416 --> 00:48:50,853
...while they were completely ignorant of others.
498
00:48:53,560 --> 00:48:56,040
They were incredibly skilful with their hands...
499
00:48:56,040 --> 00:48:58,520
...when makings posters, taking out pavement stones,...
500
00:48:58,520 --> 00:49:02,800
...painting with spray cryptical short
messages that stuck to your mind.
501
00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:05,880
All the time looking for new hands that passed on...
502
00:49:05,880 --> 00:49:08,960
...the message they had received,
but didn't managed to decipher entirely.
503
00:49:18,080 --> 00:49:21,200
Those fragile hands left the
mark of their fragility.
504
00:49:22,440 --> 00:49:24,040
They even wrote it in a pamphlet.
505
00:49:25,360 --> 00:49:29,400
"The workers shall take the flag of the
struggle from the fragile hands of the students".
506
00:49:30,180 --> 00:49:31,127
But that was the next year.
507
00:49:32,120 --> 00:49:37,680
I salute the year of 1968
with satisfaction because...
508
00:49:42,481 --> 00:49:45,201
MAY '68
AND ALL THAT...
509
00:49:55,920 --> 00:49:57,420
Why...
510
00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:01,940
...do sometimes...
511
00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:06,900
...images...
512
00:50:08,000 --> 00:50:08,900
...begin...
513
00:50:10,080 --> 00:50:11,460
...to shake?
514
00:50:11,940 --> 00:50:15,140
For me, May '68 happened in the Boulevard Saint-Michel.
515
00:50:16,340 --> 00:50:18,420
For me in Prague, in summer '68.
516
00:50:20,300 --> 00:50:22,700
When I saw the Russians I saw the shaking.
517
00:50:23,280 --> 00:50:25,840
I thought I'd managed to control my hands,...
518
00:50:25,841 --> 00:50:28,841
...but it spread to the camera.
519
00:50:36,900 --> 00:50:38,460
In Santiago de Chile,...
520
00:50:38,461 --> 00:50:40,461
...the camera slowed itself.
521
00:50:41,620 --> 00:50:45,060
Maybe I was only annoyed to see the situation
reversed, so to say,...
522
00:50:45,820 --> 00:50:48,020
...and see the charges and the weapons I'd seen used...
523
00:50:48,020 --> 00:50:54,040
...so many times against the left in such places as...
524
00:50:54,041 --> 00:50:57,741
...Berlin, Lovaine and the United States.
525
00:51:33,380 --> 00:51:36,180
(April 11, 1968)
526
00:51:43,740 --> 00:51:47,540
In some minutes, when I finish work, I'll stand guard...
527
00:51:49,260 --> 00:51:52,580
...next to the coffin of a Lйon Nicod...
528
00:51:53,820 --> 00:51:55,540
...who died age 82.
529
00:51:57,180 --> 00:51:59,060
Died, like every real communist,...
530
00:52:00,100 --> 00:52:01,820
...in the most complete poverty.
531
00:52:03,300 --> 00:52:07,020
His family was the Party.
His life was the Party.
532
00:52:08,380 --> 00:52:10,540
He founded and carried it with his arms...
533
00:52:10,940 --> 00:52:13,500
...for over 20 years.
534
00:52:14,860 --> 00:52:18,900
He was beaten up more than 20 times by the cops,...
on horseback or riot gear.
535
00:52:19,620 --> 00:52:21,940
He was questioned a thousand times.
536
00:52:22,300 --> 00:52:24,220
He spent many years of his life in jail.
537
00:52:25,500 --> 00:52:26,740
I knew him little, enough...
538
00:52:26,740 --> 00:52:30,260
...to know that his intelligence was
far above average.
539
00:52:31,060 --> 00:52:35,820
He had great humility, tenderness and infinite patience.
540
00:52:37,580 --> 00:52:40,180
He sacrificed it all for the Party,...
541
00:52:41,100 --> 00:52:42,580
...for the working class,...
542
00:52:42,580 --> 00:52:44,300
...including his family.
543
00:52:45,060 --> 00:52:48,580
He never had time to work, to travel,...
544
00:52:49,460 --> 00:52:51,780
...to enjoy these things...
545
00:52:51,780 --> 00:52:54,100
...he'd struggled for.
546
00:53:02,641 --> 00:53:04,584
Mayday, 1968, the extreme left...
547
00:53:05,049 --> 00:53:06,626
...tries to join the cortиge of the 'serious people'...
548
00:53:07,524 --> 00:53:08,085
...it doesn't work...
549
00:53:08,168 --> 00:53:09,779
And how is that anticommunism?
550
00:53:10,203 --> 00:53:12,074
Anticommunism is the opposite pole of the left.
551
00:53:12,539 --> 00:53:16,342
These are leftists, amateurs, Trotskists, Anarchists and others,...
552
00:53:16,714 --> 00:53:20,731
...who take care of spreading anticommunism from inside the
working class,...
553
00:53:21,104 --> 00:53:26,309
...and by doing so, promote division and do a distinguished
service to the powerful,...
554
00:53:26,770 --> 00:53:29,610
...so nobody should accept they march with us.
555
00:53:36,860 --> 00:53:39,420
Courage does not mean
to shout out in the street...
556
00:53:39,420 --> 00:53:43,900
"Ho Chi Minh! Ho Ho!"
or "Guevara! Che Che!"
557
00:53:45,500 --> 00:53:49,460
Courage, for an intelligent person, is not to allow...
558
00:53:49,460 --> 00:53:51,580
...himself to become a bloody hassle.
559
00:53:52,820 --> 00:53:55,660
To have that false courage of getting killed tomorrow...
560
00:53:55,660 --> 00:53:59,580
...in a 'revolutionary' struggle,
in the name of the 'revolution'.
561
00:54:00,380 --> 00:54:03,900
But never have this authentic courage,
this everyday courage,...
562
00:54:04,780 --> 00:54:09,340
...which consists of sacrificing your
personality completely to be effective.
563
00:54:10,820 --> 00:54:11,860
There you are.
564
00:54:12,900 --> 00:54:13,980
I'm writing you.
565
00:54:14,780 --> 00:54:17,780
That's not true. I'm writing to
myself as much as to you.
566
00:54:17,780 --> 00:54:20,700
And probably, even more,
to some twenty others.
567
00:54:21,460 --> 00:54:22,980
What is left to say?
568
00:54:24,180 --> 00:54:26,980
That between the castle and the garden...
569
00:54:26,980 --> 00:54:30,220
...is the dictatorship of the proletariat?
570
00:54:34,900 --> 00:54:39,900
The working class is neither beautiful, nor good, nor romantic.
571
00:54:40,460 --> 00:54:41,460
It is brutal.
572
00:54:43,580 --> 00:54:45,140
The working class is right.
573
00:54:46,100 --> 00:54:47,820
It does not need to be explained.
574
00:54:49,900 --> 00:54:52,340
(Philippe de Joinet)
And there's also the fact that man...
575
00:54:52,340 --> 00:54:57,220
...is a strange and curious animal,...
576
00:54:58,340 --> 00:55:01,500
...extremely sensible to its surroundings.
577
00:55:02,220 --> 00:55:05,020
It is so because, of all known animals,...
578
00:55:05,020 --> 00:55:07,300
it is the one with the strongest sense of emotion...
579
00:55:07,860 --> 00:55:10,420
...and the most developed affection.
580
00:55:10,820 --> 00:55:15,980
I believe that what happened was
the crystallization of an emotion...
581
00:55:16,900 --> 00:55:22,060
...that developed from and fed on the student movement.
582
00:55:22,740 --> 00:55:23,780
Because we must not forget...
583
00:55:23,780 --> 00:55:27,940
...that it all began with solidarity...
584
00:55:27,940 --> 00:55:30,980
...with the students...
585
00:55:31,540 --> 00:55:33,500
...after the incidents...
586
00:55:33,500 --> 00:55:37,860
...provoked by the order given to the police...
587
00:55:37,860 --> 00:55:39,820
...of going inside the Sorbonne.
588
00:55:41,620 --> 00:55:46,060
What I mean to say is that, indeed, we have occupied the Sorbonne.
589
00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:50,180
(The Sorbonne, May 3)
590
00:56:04,100 --> 00:56:05,300
It wasn't a real surprise.
591
00:56:05,740 --> 00:56:10,740
We knew the cycle action-repression-mobilization,
new repression, new mobilisation...
592
00:56:11,661 --> 00:56:16,233
We'd seen it in every American campi throughout 1967.
593
00:57:38,540 --> 00:57:41,740
(Paris, Latin Quarter, May 6)
594
00:57:53,240 --> 00:57:55,200
This kind of situation can lead to a double confusion.
595
00:57:56,280 --> 00:57:59,000
At once, the State reveals its oppressive side.
596
00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:03,000
The one that stays more-or-less hidden in everyday life.
597
00:58:04,840 --> 00:58:06,640
But now it has to show its strength.
598
00:58:07,600 --> 00:58:10,040
And, to do so, it allows the police to use...
599
00:58:10,040 --> 00:58:12,600
...equipment that nobody even knew existed.
600
00:58:14,600 --> 00:58:18,360
Perfect. For the demonstrator, the State appeared like a vision,...
601
00:58:19,040 --> 00:58:20,560
...like the Virgin of Lourdes.
602
00:58:21,280 --> 00:58:22,280
It is a revelation.
603
00:58:22,380 --> 00:58:24,540
In extreme cases, someone has the power...
604
00:58:24,540 --> 00:58:27,719
(Italy)
...to decide by which side of the road you can walk.
605
00:58:27,754 --> 00:58:31,423
(India)
And, if you choose the wrong side,
they'll kick you out to the right one.
606
00:58:31,540 --> 00:58:35,860
Thus, that thing which forbids you to cross the road is the
State.
607
00:58:35,920 --> 00:58:39,980
But if you cross it, and force that something to retreat,...
608
00:58:40,140 --> 00:58:42,020
(Ireland)
...it is the State that retreats.
609
00:59:01,764 --> 00:59:03,687
Comic Intermezzo
610
00:59:04,761 --> 00:59:09,048
A few days ago, Mr. Minister, you declared
that a handful of agitators...
611
00:59:09,911 --> 00:59:11,370
...were responsible for the current disorder.
612
00:59:12,138 --> 00:59:14,872
If you really think that there aren't
more than a handful of these people,...
613
00:59:16,482 --> 00:59:22,620
...Do you really believe that the demonstrations
of Friday and today would have had so much echo?
614
00:59:24,541 --> 00:59:27,118
(Alain Peyrefitte)
I think we don't have to exaggerate.
615
00:59:28,343 --> 00:59:32,125
The demonstrations of Friday and
of Today are profoundly deplorable,...
616
00:59:33,838 --> 00:59:41,843
...profoundly condemnable, but they have
not had the violence of the demonstrations...
617
00:59:43,592 --> 00:59:47,530
...of Berlin, Warsaw, Bonn, Rome, Algiers, Lovaine...
618
00:59:49,295 --> 00:59:52,003
...or Columbia, yesterday, in the United States.
619
00:59:52,945 --> 00:59:56,386
We don't have to exaggerate the
proportion of students of the University of Paris.
620
00:59:57,203 --> 01:00:00,118
There are 160.000 students, and the vast majority of them...
621
01:00:00,730 --> 01:00:05,851
...wants to work in peace and the
security forces don't intervene to protect them.
622
01:00:14,020 --> 01:00:15,060
What are you going to do?
623
01:00:16,100 --> 01:00:18,900
My intention is to say 'yes' to constructive dialogue...
624
01:00:18,900 --> 01:00:20,340
...and 'no' to violence.
625
01:00:21,220 --> 01:00:23,100
We must put an end to the escalation of violence.
626
01:00:23,100 --> 01:00:25,900
We must do it without heating up passions.
627
01:00:26,300 --> 01:00:30,820
We must recover calm and allow everyone to think.
628
01:00:31,900 --> 01:00:36,100
Today youth is expressing its hatred for a certain kind of
society...
629
01:00:36,460 --> 01:00:38,700
(May 10, Rue Gay-Lussac)
...going out and building up barricades.
630
01:00:43,969 --> 01:00:49,980
Occupation of the Latin Quarter without provocation to the
police.
631
01:00:50,644 --> 01:00:54,207
We won't attack the police.
632
01:00:55,143 --> 01:01:04,322
I ask you, first of all, to the people behind me on the barricade...
633
01:01:05,449 --> 01:01:08,771
...A barricade at Rue Drouet that reaches up practically to
the second floor.
634
01:01:09,364 --> 01:01:13,956
On that barricade, as in 1848,...
635
01:01:14,330 --> 01:01:16,161
...flies a flag; a black flag, a red flag...
636
01:01:16,645 --> 01:01:18,606
But now they are telling me that in all this there is an impression...
637
01:01:18,999 --> 01:01:21,254
...of a very calm environment, amusing, even.
638
01:01:21,626 --> 01:01:24,377
Well, listen, up to the last minutes there was...
639
01:01:24,706 --> 01:01:27,043
...as you said, a calm environment,...
640
01:01:27,436 --> 01:01:29,961
...but we have received recent information...
641
01:01:30,305 --> 01:01:31,954
...which leads us to believe that the police will react,...
642
01:01:32,750 --> 01:01:35,054
...here, now, there is some unease...
643
01:01:35,830 --> 01:01:40,462
...sincerely, I ask the defenders of the barricade that they
don't stand on it,...
644
01:01:41,084 --> 01:01:44,575
...but behind it, because a barricade is raised for protection.
645
01:01:45,242 --> 01:01:50,427
Not on the cars, but behind them. Listen, I've been talking
to you for an hour...
646
01:01:52,920 --> 01:01:55,639
There has been an incident at a barricade...
647
01:01:56,355 --> 01:01:59,345
...on the end of the Rue Gay-Lussac.
648
01:01:59,777 --> 01:02:03,462
The students have been dispersed with tear-gas
649
01:02:05,092 --> 01:02:09,309
...There is a foul-smelling fog...
650
01:02:09,762 --> 01:02:12,804
...I can't say whether this is normal tear-gas...
651
01:02:13,860 --> 01:02:16,469
...Now they are retreating to their barricades...
652
01:02:16,938 --> 01:02:20,212
...and the CRS are going down Boulevard Saint-Michel.
653
01:02:20,793 --> 01:02:23,593
If this society needs all this police force to defend...
654
01:02:23,995 --> 01:02:27,528
...the people in power, then our only goal...
655
01:02:28,144 --> 01:02:31,000
...is that they assume their responsibilities knowing exactly...
656
01:02:31,345 --> 01:02:33,812
...what is happening in the streets, because, whether or not
they see it, today...
657
01:02:34,203 --> 01:02:35,630
...politics are done in the streets.
658
01:02:36,196 --> 01:02:40,544
Why is it that the police have decided to tear down these
barricades,...
659
01:02:41,077 --> 01:02:43,441
...tear down these ramparts raised by the students?
660
01:02:43,984 --> 01:02:45,668
They must proceed to re-establish circulation,...
661
01:02:46,079 --> 01:02:47,761
...because, even though now it's 2AM,...
662
01:02:48,172 --> 01:02:53,567
...in a few hours the cars must be able to run through the
quarter,...
663
01:02:54,092 --> 01:02:56,480
...and perhaps that is why now...
664
01:02:56,909 --> 01:02:59,306
...the police have decided to clear the quarter,...
665
01:02:59,629 --> 01:03:02,736
...specially the Boulevard Saint-Michel, the Rue Saint Jacques
and the Rue Gay-Lussac.
666
01:03:08,499 --> 01:03:11,309
Listen, I take up the microphone because I come from the first
barricade.
667
01:03:12,214 --> 01:03:15,182
The occupation of the Latin Quarter went fine until 8PM,...
668
01:03:16,130 --> 01:03:21,948
...it was the police that set off the incidents attacking
us with chlorine grenade-launchers.
669
01:03:22,664 --> 01:03:24,534
That is to say, that at this moment, of two things, one:...
670
01:03:24,967 --> 01:03:26,709
The protesters being unable to retreat,...
671
01:03:27,351 --> 01:03:30,264
...either the police leaves or there will be a massacre worse
than Charonne.
672
01:03:32,750 --> 01:03:34,218
Birth of a legend.
673
01:03:35,688 --> 01:03:40,158
They had learned that the workers would assemble at Strasbourg-Saint-Denis.
674
01:03:43,640 --> 01:03:46,359
How much of the paving was taken of the road?
675
01:03:46,811 --> 01:03:49,048
Look, there are places of the road, for example...
676
01:03:49,802 --> 01:03:52,751
...the Saint Jacques crossing, where the whole of the road
was unpaved,...
677
01:03:53,364 --> 01:03:56,283
...look, sand, nothing but sand, and the rest...
678
01:03:56,656 --> 01:03:57,683
Birth of an image.
679
01:04:00,420 --> 01:04:03,875
Some CRS have fired their grenades inside the apartments...
680
01:04:04,467 --> 01:04:06,986
No, I don't believe they have shot at the apartments,...
681
01:04:07,317 --> 01:04:10,710
...they must have aimed at the barricades and some grenades
went off target.
682
01:04:11,534 --> 01:04:14,586
No, there's no doubt about, the CRS responded...
683
01:04:15,399 --> 01:04:19,989
...firing at the windows, with some grenades reaching the
sixth floor.
684
01:04:20,815 --> 01:04:22,627
Well, I receive the information as you give it.
685
01:04:23,200 --> 01:04:25,184
Bernard Lalanne, you are at the Ministry. What's happening
there?
686
01:04:26,019 --> 01:04:27,820
Well, nothing at all is happening here.
687
01:04:32,664 --> 01:04:37,231
There were two traffic lights that carried on organising an
imaginary traffic...
688
01:04:37,876 --> 01:04:41,170
This is the tactic employed by the police to clear the barricades:...
689
01:04:41,708 --> 01:04:45,608
They set them alight and then fire tear-gas grenades over
it,...
690
01:04:46,253 --> 01:04:49,391
...so the students are forced to abandon barricade after barricade...
691
01:04:49,837 --> 01:04:51,476
We see ourselves forced to use a scarf to be able to...
692
01:04:51,887 --> 01:04:53,579
Attention, no unsuitable heroics, please.
693
01:04:54,122 --> 01:04:55,784
The police are forced to raise their bucklers.
694
01:05:03,092 --> 01:05:04,181
...Retreat, retreat!
695
01:05:05,760 --> 01:05:09,094
Indeed, the street fighting is over.
696
01:05:09,545 --> 01:05:13,129
Right now the students are trying to escape through the alleys...
697
01:05:13,593 --> 01:05:16,120
...of the Latin Quarter, and there are police cars...
698
01:05:17,256 --> 01:05:18,990
...patrolling every street of the Latin Quarter,...
699
01:05:19,662 --> 01:05:23,257
...and every time they find a group of two, three, or four
students,...
700
01:05:24,254 --> 01:05:27,815
...the police get off and it's always the same scene, a few
blows and they arrest them.
701
01:05:31,521 --> 01:05:35,207
On the other hand, I'd like to say the the state of the Rue
Gay-Lussac,...
702
01:05:35,621 --> 01:05:37,671
...the state of the entire Boulevard Saint-Michel, is sad.
703
01:05:38,445 --> 01:05:40,752
When I saw it all at 06:30AM,...
704
01:05:41,178 --> 01:05:43,169
...at that moment a door woman came out in her robes to look
at all this,...
705
01:05:43,915 --> 01:05:46,110
...and the poor woman started crying.
706
01:05:46,792 --> 01:05:50,287
I understand that woman because, really, there is nothing
left,...
707
01:05:50,727 --> 01:05:53,588
...one has the impression that a storm, a revolution, has
taken place here.
708
01:06:01,502 --> 01:06:02,940
Compared to no matter what street in Ireland,...
709
01:06:03,656 --> 01:06:05,147
...no matter what conflict in South America,...
710
01:06:05,830 --> 01:06:07,263
...the night of the barricades is derisory.
711
01:06:08,097 --> 01:06:10,149
But Gaullist France had just let herself be persuaded...
712
01:06:10,733 --> 01:06:12,759
...that it wasn't immune to what was shaking the rest of the
world;...
713
01:06:13,806 --> 01:06:15,483
...a well-established idea then.
714
01:06:16,169 --> 01:06:17,943
And when the streets of Paris started looking like...
715
01:06:18,334 --> 01:06:20,570
...those of the great cities of Europe and America of the
year '68,...
716
01:06:21,172 --> 01:06:23,186
...it started to think that something had been kept hidden
from it.
717
01:06:46,720 --> 01:06:51,120
That time showed us that street violence
does not lead automatically to political change.
718
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:55,200
The award to the best dramatical confrontation...
719
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:56,800
...was deservedly given to Japan,...
720
01:06:57,480 --> 01:06:58,920
...where the government didn't even flinch.
721
01:07:00,040 --> 01:07:03,640
Insignificant, by contrast, were the little barricades of
Santiago de Chile.
722
01:07:05,680 --> 01:07:08,280
The tag on the reel says, "March, 1968".
723
01:07:10,080 --> 01:07:12,200
A march against inflation led by...
724
01:07:12,200 --> 01:07:16,440
...the sister of the socialist candidate
to the presidency, Laura Allende.
725
01:07:20,080 --> 01:07:22,000
Another fragment from March '68
726
01:07:22,140 --> 01:07:24,660
In Brasil, the funeral of
Luis Edson, a student...
727
01:07:24,700 --> 01:07:27,300
...murdered by the police during a demonstration.
728
01:07:28,220 --> 01:07:30,780
In Latin America, a whole generation...
729
01:07:30,780 --> 01:07:34,980
...of political fighters would end up
under fascist regimes.
730
01:07:35,700 --> 01:07:37,700
Though France had arrived a bit late to join the club,...
731
01:07:38,500 --> 01:07:40,020
...it had its own veterans.
732
01:07:40,380 --> 01:07:41,540
I was at the barricades.
733
01:07:42,180 --> 01:07:45,420
When I was there I never talked of reformism.
734
01:07:45,420 --> 01:07:46,820
I looked only for one thing.
735
01:07:47,220 --> 01:07:52,620
How to drown De Gaulle and the
entire fucking bourgeoisie.
736
01:07:52,980 --> 01:07:55,060
The MPs have discussed for 10 years.
737
01:07:55,620 --> 01:07:57,940
And in 10 years they got nothing.
738
01:07:58,300 --> 01:08:01,900
We, on the barricades, put the State on its knees.
739
01:08:01,679 --> 01:08:04,413
We want to give power to the workers' councils in the factories...
740
01:08:05,429 --> 01:08:06,936
...to the workers' and peasants' councils.
741
01:08:07,479 --> 01:08:10,255
And a soviet-type democracy... Direct democracy
742
01:08:10,919 --> 01:08:13,687
...and not universal suffrage which is
the most elaborated form of social dictatorship
743
01:08:14,856 --> 01:08:19,243
(University Director Chapelle)
What astounds me is this dogmatism from one part and this
utopia:...
744
01:08:20,151 --> 01:08:22,005
(May 14, "Zoom")
...Wanting to supress exams, no less,...
745
01:08:22,879 --> 01:08:25,032
...exams for which I haven't much affection, by the way,...
746
01:08:25,543 --> 01:08:27,545
...without presenting an alternative.
747
01:08:28,012 --> 01:08:32,593
And that actually puts your fellow students in great difficulties...
748
01:08:32,811 --> 01:08:33,484
(Alain Geismar)
...I'll propose one:
749
01:08:33,925 --> 01:08:35,616
You get an amphitheatre and you fill it with professors and
students,...
750
01:08:35,804 --> 01:08:37,617
...you put a professor and a student at the board...
751
01:08:38,167 --> 01:08:39,686
...and the professor poses questions to the student.
752
01:08:39,687 --> 01:08:42,449
If the hall finds the questions to be stupid, the teacher
is changed.
753
01:08:43,352 --> 01:08:49,281
If not, it is the hall who judges the student and decides
if the answers are good or not.
754
01:08:49,282 --> 01:08:52,162
It is an experiment I'd like to see tried.
755
01:08:52,163 --> 01:08:54,766
(M. Fanton - Secretary Of State for Universities)
For the National Superior Teaching Union,...
756
01:08:54,963 --> 01:08:57,808
...such proposals are effectively revolutionary,...
757
01:08:58,463 --> 01:09:00,464
...I have never heard any proposal so revolutionary...
758
01:09:00,702 --> 01:09:06,353
...from any teacher, none. And it really surprises me.
759
01:09:06,749 --> 01:09:08,288
Yes, it could happen, but this isn't serious!
760
01:09:08,280 --> 01:09:12,040
So you think these events have been orchestrated from abroad?
761
01:09:12,440 --> 01:09:15,520
Yes, of course I do.
762
01:09:16,120 --> 01:09:17,600
What makes you think so?
The events themselves.
763
01:09:18,720 --> 01:09:20,480
But, what? Could you explain?
764
01:09:20,480 --> 01:09:23,920
It's anarchy. They are foreign anarchists,
765
01:09:23,920 --> 01:09:26,840
French or not, they don't respect anything,
all they do is to commit sacrilege.
766
01:09:28,000 --> 01:09:29,080
What do you think of Cohn-Bendit?
767
01:09:30,000 --> 01:09:31,640
I detest him.
Why?
768
01:09:32,320 --> 01:09:35,840
He shouldn't stir things up here.
He should have stayed in Germany.
769
01:09:36,280 --> 01:09:39,480
Who do you think pays him?
I don't know.
770
01:09:40,440 --> 01:09:44,320
Not the French government. You've been misinformed.
771
01:09:44,520 --> 01:09:45,800
Who do you think does it?
772
01:09:45,800 --> 01:09:48,680
He crossed the border in a
car that belongs to the Chinese Embassy.
773
01:09:55,040 --> 01:09:56,240
They have the right...
774
01:09:57,280 --> 01:10:00,600
...to decide where they go.
It's not our style of 'demo'.
775
01:10:02,173 --> 01:10:04,125
Our style of 'demo' is that in which people have the possibility
of thinking...
776
01:10:05,007 --> 01:10:07,825
...not provoke, provoke, provoke.
777
01:10:10,387 --> 01:10:12,401
(Renault-Clйon)
On May 15 the workers of Clйon go on strike.
778
01:10:13,678 --> 01:10:17,983
Taking their example, workers of Renault,...
779
01:10:18,327 --> 01:10:21,884
(Sud-Aviation)
...and, little by little, all the country, follow them...
780
01:10:22,939 --> 01:10:24,589
...the objectives they set themselves...
781
01:10:26,840 --> 01:10:28,280
The factory is ours and here we are.
782
01:10:29,920 --> 01:10:31,480
Now we are the bosses!
783
01:10:31,840 --> 01:10:35,440
...they will negotiate demands
that have been standing for years.
784
01:10:36,186 --> 01:10:37,550
It spreads. It spreads everywhere!
785
01:10:41,560 --> 01:10:45,360
I went to many union meetings myself,...
786
01:10:45,400 --> 01:10:47,520
(The Sorbonne)
...I've been to many strike committees...
787
01:10:47,520 --> 01:10:52,760
...and I've seen how the bosses talk to the workers.
788
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:55,040
They are terrified.
789
01:10:55,560 --> 01:10:57,760
And when someone is terrified,
he is prone to give in.
790
01:10:58,400 --> 01:11:01,240
And when someone actually gives
in, you have to act.
791
01:11:01,240 --> 01:11:04,120
What are beautiful words and discussions
and all this good for?
792
01:11:04,680 --> 01:11:08,000
It is still certain that the bourgeoisie will never...
793
01:11:08,000 --> 01:11:12,040
...simply give us a single iota of its power.
794
01:11:12,840 --> 01:11:16,880
So now you must choose.
Do you want the revolution?
795
01:11:16,880 --> 01:11:21,080
If yes: How do you do it?
Who do you do it with?
796
01:11:21,480 --> 01:11:23,920
What is the enemy's class?
To which class do you belong?
797
01:11:24,640 --> 01:11:27,120
Well, if what you want is a reform...
798
01:11:27,120 --> 01:11:30,200
...I must ask myself: What the hell are you doing here with
me?
799
01:11:32,080 --> 01:11:35,440
I think the student movement
and the reforms it reclaims...
800
01:11:36,600 --> 01:11:38,120
...are very valuable...
801
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:42,800
...but they don't fit in with the demands made at the factories.
802
01:11:43,240 --> 01:11:45,760
We are going through a complicated moment.
803
01:11:45,760 --> 01:11:48,600
(Georges Sйguy, CGT leader)
We have realised...
804
01:11:49,520 --> 01:11:53,040
...we must take into consideration two essential factors:
805
01:11:54,200 --> 01:11:55,320
Firstly,...
806
01:11:55,640 --> 01:12:00,000
...the underestimation of the
profundity of the class movement...
807
01:12:00,400 --> 01:12:03,240
...that has followed the eruption of the student movement.
808
01:12:04,280 --> 01:12:05,400
Secondly,...
809
01:12:05,400 --> 01:12:08,680
...the attempts from the left to make it lose its way...
810
01:12:09,280 --> 01:12:12,040
...and the attempts of certain elements...
811
01:12:12,840 --> 01:12:15,040
...to take the place...
812
01:12:15,080 --> 01:12:19,760
...of the workers' organisations,
particularly the CGT's,...
813
01:12:20,560 --> 01:12:25,640
...trying to overtake the leadership of
the movement in their own benefit.
814
01:12:26,200 --> 01:12:30,600
They started a movement,
brought us into the fight...
815
01:12:31,200 --> 01:12:34,880
...not forcibly. To be frank, they awoke us.
816
01:12:35,880 --> 01:12:37,640
(March 1969, Saint Florentin)
I don't understand why, during the strikes...
817
01:12:37,680 --> 01:12:43,520
...the unions, who were those who called them...
818
01:12:44,080 --> 01:12:46,360
No, you're wrong!
819
01:12:47,120 --> 01:12:50,000
They were against the strikes.
Not one union called for a strike.
820
01:12:51,120 --> 01:12:52,880
(Extract of a CGT propaganda film, 1969)
821
01:12:52,880 --> 01:12:56,600
(May '68, Sud-Aviation)
The union representatives got together and said:
822
01:12:56,600 --> 01:13:00,320
"We must make a decision today and propose it to the
workers immediately".
823
01:13:00,880 --> 01:13:04,880
Then it was when three unions, of their own accord, said:
824
01:13:05,440 --> 01:13:07,640
"We must assemble the workers outside of the offices...
825
01:13:07,880 --> 01:13:10,960
...and ask them if they agree to occupy the factory".
826
01:13:11,640 --> 01:13:13,320
They offered their support because...
827
01:13:13,720 --> 01:13:15,760
...they knew that, one way or another, it would happen.
828
01:13:16,360 --> 01:13:18,760
It began by itself. They didn't want to push people to strike.
829
01:13:19,280 --> 01:13:21,400
They slowed things down when they went too far.
830
01:13:23,040 --> 01:13:24,800
But the government provoked the strike...
831
01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:26,560
...because it was afraid.
832
01:13:26,560 --> 01:13:29,560
Because if a confidence vote was taken...
833
01:13:29,560 --> 01:13:31,480
...they knew they'd lose.
834
01:13:31,480 --> 01:13:34,080
And, moreover, it meant retaking with the government...
835
01:13:34,080 --> 01:13:35,640
...and being capable of governing.
836
01:13:35,640 --> 01:13:37,560
And that is really hard.
837
01:13:38,720 --> 01:13:41,560
(Livio Mascarello, CGT, Mayo '68)
It is necessary to understand...
838
01:13:41,560 --> 01:13:44,920
...that the scale of the movement,
the power it represents,...
839
01:13:46,560 --> 01:13:49,720
...means disconcerting the government.
840
01:13:51,840 --> 01:13:53,880
This supposes a problem for them,...
841
01:13:54,520 --> 01:13:57,240
...though I must say it hasn't reacted yet.
842
01:13:58,040 --> 01:14:00,960
I believe our social-democrat friends...
843
01:14:00,960 --> 01:14:03,440
...feel there's a vacuum of power.
844
01:14:03,840 --> 01:14:04,880
It is not so simple.
845
01:14:05,480 --> 01:14:08,480
(May 28 - Franзois Miterrand)
I propose that a provisional government...
846
01:14:09,840 --> 01:14:11,960
...and an acting administration...
847
01:14:11,960 --> 01:14:14,000
...be formed immediately.
848
01:14:15,480 --> 01:14:16,720
Why is it not so simple?
849
01:14:17,200 --> 01:14:20,360
Why? Because there must be an alternative...
850
01:14:21,960 --> 01:14:24,080
Now the Movement is for...
851
01:14:24,080 --> 01:14:26,640
...economical and social change.
852
01:14:27,400 --> 01:14:30,520
So we must offer the working class a solution.
853
01:14:30,520 --> 01:14:32,760
That solution would be a common programme...
854
01:14:32,760 --> 01:14:35,200
...of all the forces of the left.
855
01:14:35,520 --> 01:14:36,560
But that doesn't exist.
856
01:14:37,280 --> 01:14:40,080
The forces of the left must carry out...
857
01:14:40,080 --> 01:14:42,920
...their responsibilities without delay...
858
01:14:43,720 --> 01:14:47,560
...and agree on a minimum programme of government...
859
01:14:48,160 --> 01:14:52,280
...that shows the way to a democratic alternative: a popular
government.
860
01:14:53,080 --> 01:14:54,200
Today, for example,...
861
01:14:54,960 --> 01:14:56,920
...the workers are talking...
862
01:14:56,920 --> 01:14:59,440
...of a shift of the power to the left.
863
01:15:00,080 --> 01:15:02,360
This sensation comes from the strike committee.
864
01:15:03,800 --> 01:15:05,040
They want to go further now.
865
01:15:05,200 --> 01:15:08,480
(CGT Propaganda Film, 1969)
That's why many workers looked further.
866
01:15:08,480 --> 01:15:10,480
Further?
To start the revolution...
867
01:15:10,480 --> 01:15:13,680
...we must change the government.
868
01:15:14,280 --> 01:15:17,600
All we saw was a change in social policy, that's all.
869
01:15:18,600 --> 01:15:21,120
(CGT Delegate, May '68)
They don't want just economical changes,...
870
01:15:21,120 --> 01:15:22,800
...but also political changes.
871
01:15:23,520 --> 01:15:26,560
They want both things.
They've had enough.
872
01:15:27,240 --> 01:15:29,680
And what's more: the longer it takes...
873
01:15:29,680 --> 01:15:33,640
...the stronger will be the determination
of achieving political change.
874
01:15:33,840 --> 01:15:37,500
I spoke with many workers. They feel it is not worth...
875
01:15:37,540 --> 01:15:41,000
...making demands that the regime itself will forget.
876
01:15:40,040 --> 01:15:42,560
They want a change, political and economic.
877
01:15:42,720 --> 01:15:45,440
(The Sorbonne)
This is what I see when I speak with the workers.
878
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:49,720
I believe that we must politicise ourselves the most we can,...
879
01:15:49,720 --> 01:15:53,440
Both ourselves and the workers.
880
01:15:56,160 --> 01:15:58,760
(Citroлn)
There's only one goal, get rid of the bosses.
881
01:16:04,800 --> 01:16:06,040
How are you going to fire them?
Is that your best joke?
882
01:16:07,160 --> 01:16:09,760
This is the front line!
Everything starts here!
883
01:16:10,440 --> 01:16:13,240
This is the point where life
becomes something big.
884
01:16:13,680 --> 01:16:15,400
When there aren't any more
bosses to sod you up.
885
01:16:17,000 --> 01:16:18,240
This is the demand we have to make.
886
01:16:18,280 --> 01:16:22,520
The bosses don't matter!
Right! We have to start there.
887
01:16:25,200 --> 01:16:28,480
We won't get rid of them with
out voting papers, that's for sure.
888
01:16:29,280 --> 01:16:31,800
Not by voting...
We need someone who knows how to govern.
889
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:36,080
A lot of people know how to govern!
Look, there's the boss.
890
01:16:39,880 --> 01:16:41,000
I'd vote for you!
891
01:16:41,800 --> 01:16:44,600
While the factory is occupied,
we need a PR man.
892
01:16:46,600 --> 01:16:49,740
Let's forget the meaning of the word 'boss'.
'Boss'? What's that?
893
01:16:51,440 --> 01:16:54,960
The direction of a business,
of a factory,...
894
01:16:55,440 --> 01:16:59,560
...has become, in the modern world,
in a specialist's domain.
895
01:16:59,960 --> 01:17:03,720
(M. Wolgensinger)
They talk about a company of managers and, truly,...
896
01:17:04,520 --> 01:17:08,420
...the person who directs the factory today
is the management technician.
897
01:17:08,560 --> 01:17:11,640
Thus, a boss should be a member of the board, and not...
898
01:17:11,640 --> 01:17:13,760
...a boss who keeps what we earn.
899
01:17:14,024 --> 01:17:21,988
It saddens us that dialogue is so hard with the unions.
900
01:17:22,642 --> 01:17:30,841
But it happens that they aren't professional unions, but unions...
901
01:17:31,465 --> 01:17:33,499
...which are largely politicised.
902
01:17:34,574 --> 01:17:38,565
I ask myself if History will teach us that...
903
01:17:39,452 --> 01:17:44,149
...the victories, quantitatively, of the French workers' world...
904
01:17:44,622 --> 01:17:49,823
...demands isn't a deviation of its original expression.
905
01:17:50,589 --> 01:17:53,840
(Edgard Pisani)
I think that there's a terrible complicity...
906
01:17:54,230 --> 01:17:59,169
...between the conservative apparatus
of the CGT and that of the government.
907
01:17:59,716 --> 01:18:03,198
The CGT is truly the only union for the worker.
908
01:18:04,815 --> 01:18:08,014
As I see it, it is the only union that
has been able to defend a closed position...
909
01:18:08,960 --> 01:18:10,277
...article one comes to mind...
910
01:18:11,134 --> 01:18:11,748
What does article one say?
911
01:18:11,749 --> 01:18:13,159
Supression of employers and the wage system.
912
01:18:12,880 --> 01:18:17,560
(May 27, Paris, Charlйty Stadium)
The CGT hasn't been able...
913
01:18:17,560 --> 01:18:20,640
...or, more likely, hasn't wanted to see...
914
01:18:21,360 --> 01:18:24,200
...the real character of this movement.
915
01:18:25,320 --> 01:18:30,560
It's quite obvious, or else the words
no longer have meaning...
916
01:18:31,600 --> 01:18:36,640
...that we are going through a
revolutionary movement.
917
01:18:38,520 --> 01:18:40,000
When we look, despite the prohibition...
918
01:18:40,320 --> 01:18:43,920
...of the Communist Party and the CGT, at what is happening,...
919
01:18:44,840 --> 01:18:48,280
we can honestly say:
Anything is possible!
920
01:18:48,840 --> 01:18:52,520
The battle is on, and we shall go until the end, that's to
say,...
921
01:18:52,560 --> 01:18:55,880
...until the only possible solution:
The socialist revolution!
922
01:18:59,400 --> 01:19:01,400
The French bourgeoisie trusts the Communist Party...
923
01:19:01,400 --> 01:19:04,640
...because it hasn't been able to read
the situation and won't go any further.
924
01:19:04,640 --> 01:19:08,000
(Trostkist worker)
Why can't it?
Why, what?
925
01:19:08,280 --> 01:19:10,200
Why can't it go any further, for you?
926
01:19:10,680 --> 01:19:13,680
Because since it exists, since...
927
01:19:13,680 --> 01:19:16,800
...the war, maybe before,...
928
01:19:17,520 --> 01:19:19,960
...its militants got used to think...
929
01:19:19,960 --> 01:19:23,320
...according to what the direction decided.
930
01:19:24,040 --> 01:19:26,080
Finally, it was Stalin who destroyed it all.
931
01:19:26,600 --> 01:19:29,760
Trotsky was right: Socialism can't
happen in only one country.
932
01:19:30,880 --> 01:19:32,360
Stalin said it could be done.
933
01:19:34,520 --> 01:19:36,040
Experience shows it has been done.
934
01:19:36,360 --> 01:19:39,720
No, the USSR isn't socialism, not at all.
935
01:19:39,960 --> 01:19:42,840
I believe the capitalist system,...
936
01:19:44,520 --> 01:19:46,040
...in the traditional sense of the word,...
937
01:19:46,960 --> 01:19:51,400
...and the communist or, socialist system,...
938
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:53,000
...given that the very communists say...
939
01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:55,800
...they have a socialist economy,
at least for the moment...
940
01:19:56,480 --> 01:20:00,440
...and that communism will come when all problems are solved.
941
01:20:01,040 --> 01:20:05,200
I think these two forms of society are,
right now, antiquated...
942
01:20:05,880 --> 01:20:08,440
...and that what we are seeing and will see...
943
01:20:09,080 --> 01:20:12,160
...is the construction of new structures...
944
01:20:13,160 --> 01:20:18,320
...be they for a socialist or for a, not capitalist, but a
liberal economy,...
945
01:20:19,120 --> 01:20:22,400
...that can come up with solutions...
946
01:20:22,400 --> 01:20:26,560
And, why not, a rapprochement of these two tendencies,...
947
01:20:26,560 --> 01:20:30,600
...given that, for example, in Russia
today we see...
948
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:34,840
...a complete change in economical policy.
949
01:20:35,280 --> 01:20:38,200
Re-introduction of profit, competition, etc.
950
01:20:53,960 --> 01:20:56,080
Haven't the objectives of
the strikes been forgotten in this kermesse?
951
01:20:57,960 --> 01:20:59,480
No, they aren't forgotten,...
952
01:20:59,480 --> 01:21:02,320
But they take place at a different level.
953
01:21:02,320 --> 01:21:06,120
In a different level of that
of the workers.
954
01:21:06,120 --> 01:21:08,920
They know that there are trusted comrades in talks with the
bosses...
955
01:21:10,004 --> 01:21:18,284
Before May, there was a whole new critique
to the unions, regarding their submission
956
01:21:20,548 --> 01:21:26,863
May came and everything changed.
They can no longer fight the same way,...
957
01:21:27,203 --> 01:21:30,254
They no longer trust this kind of
bureaucracy that has installed itself in,...
958
01:21:30,577 --> 01:21:31,353
...which they may or may not accept,...
959
01:21:31,824 --> 01:21:32,962
...and it breaks my heart to say this, but it is true.
960
01:21:34,121 --> 01:21:36,063
If the unions have established negotiations...
961
01:21:36,556 --> 01:21:38,378
...then we should know about them, and this...
962
01:21:38,679 --> 01:21:40,310
...the lads grumble a lot about this.
963
01:21:40,800 --> 01:21:44,560
(March 1969)
Either way, there was a revolutionary element.
964
01:21:44,560 --> 01:21:46,680
There was something else.
965
01:21:47,240 --> 01:21:52,440
People left our factories without...
966
01:21:52,440 --> 01:21:55,000
...even knowing what our demands were.
967
01:21:55,520 --> 01:22:00,000
They all left and the strike took
place under union legality.
968
01:22:00,000 --> 01:22:01,800
I mean, a vote was taken...
969
01:22:01,800 --> 01:22:05,920
The majority voted for the strike.
Everything was perfect.
970
01:22:06,440 --> 01:22:09,480
They went because there was a
general movement to get rid of De Gaulle,...
971
01:22:10,000 --> 01:22:11,000
...to change all that.
972
01:22:11,960 --> 01:22:14,280
Later, we made notebooks
with our demands.
973
01:22:16,200 --> 01:22:18,600
The people understand perfectly...
974
01:22:18,600 --> 01:22:20,920
...that the Grenelle Report,...
975
01:22:20,920 --> 01:22:24,160
...and I say 'Report' because
people always correct me.
976
01:22:24,160 --> 01:22:28,640
When I say Agreement they say
that it is a Report. Report, then.
977
01:22:29,960 --> 01:22:32,900
There wasn't a Grenelle Agreement, there was a Report.
978
01:22:31,600 --> 01:22:34,960
This Grenelle Report
shut off the movement.
979
01:22:35,960 --> 01:22:37,920
The bourgeoisie played their cards
well, I think.
980
01:22:37,920 --> 01:22:39,640
They felt cornered, so they
made a concession.
981
01:22:41,000 --> 01:22:43,920
They raised the minimum wage.
982
01:22:44,680 --> 01:22:46,000
This mass of people,...
983
01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:48,480
...who wasn't prepared for
a long political struggle...
984
01:22:48,480 --> 01:22:51,720
...because they'd never
talked about it,...
985
01:22:51,720 --> 01:22:53,760
...found themselves with a raise,...
986
01:22:53,760 --> 01:22:56,680
...a rather large raise.
987
01:22:57,480 --> 01:22:59,960
The apolitical ones, 2 or 3 millions...
988
01:22:59,960 --> 01:23:02,520
...of the 9 million strikers,...
989
01:23:02,520 --> 01:23:04,760
...couldn't understand why we wanted
to go any further.
990
01:23:04,760 --> 01:23:09,280
They couldn't understand why carry
on the strike.
991
01:23:12,120 --> 01:23:15,800
Specially because they felt nobody
wanted anything more.
992
01:23:17,183 --> 01:23:20,748
It is clear that there were bad
moments in the organizations of the Left.
993
01:23:21,339 --> 01:23:23,433
After 8-10 days a critique was established,...
994
01:23:24,490 --> 01:23:26,261
...they criticized everything a bit, the student movement,...
995
01:23:27,157 --> 01:23:30,579
The students; It was normal they came
with us to certain demonstrations,...
996
01:23:30,930 --> 01:23:35,703
...but they had a provocative
attitude which wasn't accord...
997
01:23:36,135 --> 01:23:40,505
...to the conception the working
class had of the struggle.
998
01:23:40,998 --> 01:23:43,767
We saw them come with helmets, with bats...
999
01:23:49,284 --> 01:23:50,761
Maybe one will always be someone else's leftist.
1000
01:23:50,760 --> 01:23:53,175
(French Newsreel, October 1948)
In Saint-Йtienne, however, the CGT strikers,...
1001
01:23:53,587 --> 01:23:56,102
...shunned by their comrades from the other two unions,...
1002
01:23:56,809 --> 01:23:59,506
...take to counter-attack and attack the CRS with stones,...
1003
01:23:59,879 --> 01:24:01,096
...screws, and iron bars.
1004
01:24:15,591 --> 01:24:19,012
(Flins - June 7, 1968)
At the beginning there was a certain malaise, it has to be
acknowledged,...
1005
01:24:19,847 --> 01:24:22,324
...some workers from Renault were convinced by alleged students...
1006
01:24:23,267 --> 01:24:28,482
...to face the police forces. They let themselves be fooled,...
1007
01:24:28,934 --> 01:24:31,513
...they really believed the students would come to help them.
1008
01:24:31,932 --> 01:24:36,594
And I say alleged students, because I saw groups of real students,...
1009
01:24:37,611 --> 01:24:40,517
that when the time came to fight, simply left saying:...
1010
01:24:41,135 --> 01:24:45,248
"We haven't come for this, we came to help you, not to
fight".
1011
01:24:46,941 --> 01:24:48,752
It was a really well set-up job, eh?
1012
01:24:49,417 --> 01:24:51,871
They had done things well. Health service first of all.
1013
01:24:55,728 --> 01:24:57,500
(June 15 - Burial Gilles Tautin)
There were many workers in front of the cars,...
1014
01:24:58,536 --> 01:25:00,037
...and they wanted to demonstrate in front of the factory,...
1015
01:25:00,687 --> 01:25:02,421
...the cops all came out of the factory,...
1016
01:25:03,868 --> 01:25:05,198
...and pursued them through the fields, well,...
1017
01:25:05,824 --> 01:25:08,011
...until they halted in the town, and grenade after grenade,...
1018
01:25:08,381 --> 01:25:09,334
...made us retreat.
1019
01:25:10,020 --> 01:25:11,399
And it was just after midday that they sent...
1020
01:25:11,941 --> 01:25:15,012
(May 'Cinй-Tract')
...the guys from Melin. The students. They were taken out
of the cars...
1021
01:25:15,404 --> 01:25:17,980
...made to get into line and then the police attacked them,...
1022
01:25:18,564 --> 01:25:20,839
...surrounded them, the boys threw themselves into the Seine
so as not to be caught,...
1023
01:25:22,650 --> 01:25:25,225
And then they held them from coming back. And the one who
took out his gun,...
1024
01:25:25,307 --> 01:25:27,694
...we nearly lynched him. If the best of the four-eyes hadn't
come,...
1025
01:25:27,708 --> 01:25:28,691
...we'd have lynched him.
1026
01:25:39,120 --> 01:25:41,080
There were elections after the movement.
1027
01:25:41,680 --> 01:25:44,600
They were a defeat for us.
Why a defeat?
1028
01:25:45,520 --> 01:25:48,240
A lot of people were afraid.
1029
01:25:48,240 --> 01:25:50,280
They were very scared.
1030
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:55,320
What did we show them?
4 or 5 burned cars?
1031
01:25:55,800 --> 01:25:59,120
It isn't a lot, but 4 or 5
in one night,...
1032
01:25:59,120 --> 01:26:01,400
...even if they were the same 4 the next day...
1033
01:26:01,400 --> 01:26:05,000
They had a lot of TV airtime...
1034
01:26:06,040 --> 01:26:09,040
...and, to top it, there was a lot
of pacifist people...
1035
01:26:09,040 --> 01:26:11,680
...who weren't to quick to reflect...
1036
01:26:11,680 --> 01:26:14,320
...but who got scared with anything...
1037
01:26:15,360 --> 01:26:17,200
...like snails who went into theirs shells.
1038
01:26:17,840 --> 01:26:19,800
And that made them panic.
1039
01:26:22,200 --> 01:26:25,520
If anything was threatened violently in May...
1040
01:26:25,520 --> 01:26:28,320
...it wasn't them, but the bourgeoisie.
1041
01:26:28,320 --> 01:26:31,320
It was the bosses.
It's quite clear.
1042
01:26:32,600 --> 01:26:35,160
But then they thought that
anarchy had arrived...
1043
01:26:37,160 --> 01:26:41,200
"Will there be food in the shops?"
1044
01:26:41,520 --> 01:26:44,040
It wasn't much, but it was important.
1045
01:26:45,280 --> 01:26:47,600
What was the impression in France...
1046
01:26:47,600 --> 01:26:51,960
...when the TV showed cars burning, Paris in flames?
1047
01:26:52,600 --> 01:26:54,640
Burning cars!
A country in ruins!
1048
01:26:55,080 --> 01:26:57,920
Even the Germans,
and I don't like the Germans,...
1049
01:26:57,920 --> 01:27:00,440
...but even they avoided the
destruction of Paris...
1050
01:27:02,080 --> 01:27:04,480
And now these people come and set fire to it,...
1051
01:27:04,480 --> 01:27:07,320
...they set fire to the Sorbonne.
It's atrocious!
1052
01:27:07,880 --> 01:27:12,160
They've set fire to the Sorbonne and everywhere.
It's atrocious!
1053
01:27:15,040 --> 01:27:18,040
(Avignon, July)
1054
01:27:18,315 --> 01:27:21,763
The movement has found its main enemy, Jean Vilar,...
1055
01:27:22,922 --> 01:27:25,255
...and for this occasion, they've come up with a stupid slogan,...
1056
01:27:26,090 --> 01:27:27,922
...in a time they seemed to compete for those:
1057
01:27:28,090 --> 01:27:29,922
Bйjart, Vilar, Salazar
1058
01:27:30,345 --> 01:27:30,902
Bйjart!
1059
01:27:31,179 --> 01:27:31,770
Vilar!
1060
01:27:32,113 --> 01:27:33,273
Salazar!
1061
01:27:52,000 --> 01:27:54,240
The work of the Living Theatre
has been played...
1062
01:27:54,960 --> 01:27:56,680
...on three successive nights.
1063
01:27:58,920 --> 01:28:03,720
And there have been no demands
to close it down...
1064
01:28:03,720 --> 01:28:06,640
...inside the Carmes Cloister.
1065
01:28:14,040 --> 01:28:16,240
And that is all I have to say.
1066
01:28:27,360 --> 01:28:38,240
Down with the bourgeois festival!
1067
01:28:48,320 --> 01:28:50,000
One remembered the solitude of Vilar...
1068
01:28:50,500 --> 01:28:54,180
...and asked himself where were all
those people he'd helped...
1069
01:28:54,180 --> 01:28:56,100
...and for whose worked he'd fought.
1070
01:28:57,900 --> 01:29:03,145
It was a time of bitterness and madness
of which some would never come out.
1071
01:29:03,820 --> 01:29:05,620
It was a strange way of being
faithful to the spirit of May.
1072
01:29:05,620 --> 01:29:08,620
Giving up so soon and lashing out so blindly...
1073
01:29:09,140 --> 01:29:09,920
...against the tricks History played.
1074
01:29:11,223 --> 01:29:14,405
Anyway, History wasn't being written in
Avignon that summer.
1075
01:29:15,421 --> 01:29:16,565
It was being written in Prague.
1076
01:29:18,566 --> 01:29:21,566
END OF THE FIRST PART
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