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Second Part
THE SEVERED HANDS
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(French Newsreel, May 1945)
In Europe, Prague was one of the first victims of nazi rapacity.
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00:00:11,280 --> 00:00:13,880
These images give testimony of the last days of occupation...
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00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:19,320
...when the Czech capital liberated itself, like Paris, on
early May.
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00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:45,480
In every country of the world, except in Germany,...
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...the paving stones were converted in the barricades of freedom.
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In Prague, the archives of the Gestapo were thrown into the
sewers...
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00:00:56,600 --> 00:00:58,760
...and the hook-cross was thrown into the fire.
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(Soviet Newsreel, May 1945)
Our tanks...
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...are pushing South; it is the last campaign in the war.
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They approach the enemy, who still fights.
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The salvation of Prague depends on their speed.
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One hour more supposes 100.000 lives.
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The first Soviet tank that entered free Prague carried the
number 23.
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It was the same tank, now a monument,...
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...that was surround by other Russian tanks in August 1968.
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FROM THE PRAGUE SPRING
TO THE COMMON PROGRAMME
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In a wall in Bratislava one can read:
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"Lenin, wake up. Brezhnev has gone mad".
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Everywhere clandestine radio stations transmit non-stop.
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But the most significant message of August 21...
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...was the one summoning all delegates...
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...of the XIV Congress of the Czechoslovak Communist Party.
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The delegates are taken by car to a factory...
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...in a working-class quarter were the congress is held.
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The most recognisable are taken in trucks or ambulances.
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A clandestine camera has preserved the images of this clandestine
congress.
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Let me emphasise what we see here:
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This is not an improvised manifestation, however numerous.
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This is the legal expression of the Czechoslovak Communist
Party.
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A congress called by the Central Committee from June 1st.
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With delegates elected according to the rules during the months
of June and July.
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00:02:42,062 --> 00:02:44,360
And, despite the change of date, accelerated by the Russian
invasion,...
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...1182 delegates are present.
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That is, 3/4 of the entire organisation.
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So, according to the statutes, the congress...
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...is, for the moment, the only organism with legitimacy to
lead the Party.
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First orator: Vaculik.
The main reality...
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...is that of the occupation of the Republic by allied troops.
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A occupation decided without the consent of our president,...
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...our government, Assembly, or Central Committee.
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Next question: the unanimous reaction of our peoples against
the occupation.
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This unanimous reaction is, to my eyes, the only decisive
sign...
44
00:03:17,080 --> 00:03:21,360
...that the Party should take into account regarding what
attitude it should assume.
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00:03:21,372 --> 00:03:24,762
If we want to be loyal to the compromise of our people we
cannot express ourselves otherwise.
46
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We'll never be friends of the USSR again!
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It's 'autumn leaves'. Wet paper.
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We've waited...
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We've had faith for 20 years,...
50
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...100 years. It's too much.
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Brezhnev arrives on July 29 to Cierna nad Tisou, Slovakia,
in his special train...
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...having spent the night crossing Soviet territory.
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00:03:59,256 --> 00:04:01,852
There were many embraces, but the final communiquй was still
vague.
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00:04:02,686 --> 00:04:05,501
Brezhnev and Dubcek no longer gave words the same meaning.
55
00:04:07,256 --> 00:04:15,808
Dubcek goes to Moscow and finds another Brezhnev who threatens
with military invasion and 'normalization'.
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00:04:16,482 --> 00:04:18,363
We could ask ourselves why Dubcek and those with him...
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00:04:18,955 --> 00:04:21,623
...were given the relative honour of sitting at a negotiation
table...
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00:04:22,295 --> 00:04:24,881
...without the presence of the President of the Republic,
Svoboda,...
59
00:04:25,365 --> 00:04:29,811
...who goes to Moscow of his own initiative in search of the
abducted members of the Central Committee.
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00:04:33,987 --> 00:04:38,096
Brezhnev welcomes him as though it all was a show of Czech-Soviet
friendship...
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00:04:38,661 --> 00:04:41,095
...and they parade through the streets of Moscow...
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00:04:41,610 --> 00:04:44,165
...three days before the troops of the Warsaw Pact invade
Czechoslovakia.
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BROTHERS!
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What are you doing in Prague?
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And you call yourself a communist?
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(Havana, August 23, 1968)
Some things we'll say, in some cases...
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...will be in contradiction...
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...with the emotions of many.
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In other cases, they will be in contradiction...
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...with our own interests.
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And in others...
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...will constitute grave perils...
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...to our country.
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We believe that...
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...the decision taken in Czechoslovakia,...
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...can only be explained,...
77
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...from a political point of view,...
78
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...not a legal point of view,...
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00:06:15,375 --> 00:06:17,343
...because as far as legality is concerned,...
80
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...it has frankly none!
81
00:06:26,786 --> 00:06:29,448
What circumstance have led to...
82
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...a remedy of such nature?
83
00:06:33,793 --> 00:06:37,229
A remedy that places the international...
84
00:06:37,493 --> 00:06:41,229
...revolutionary movement in a difficult situation.
85
00:06:43,035 --> 00:06:46,630
A remedy which creates a truly traumatic situation...
86
00:06:46,906 --> 00:06:51,366
...for a people, such as the situation of the Czechoslovak
people.
87
00:06:53,379 --> 00:06:56,143
Which forces an entire people...
88
00:06:57,049 --> 00:06:59,017
...to go through the thankless...
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...situation of seeing...
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...its country occupied by the armies of other countries,...
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...though they may be socialist.
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This situation that makes millions of citizens of a country...
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00:07:18,938 --> 00:07:22,840
...in the tragic dilemma of choosing to be...
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00:07:24,310 --> 00:07:28,508
...either passive in this situation,...
95
00:07:28,781 --> 00:07:33,047
...which reminds them of previous events,...
96
00:07:34,353 --> 00:07:38,414
...or to opt for the fight, side by side,...
97
00:07:38,691 --> 00:07:42,991
...with pro-American agents,...
98
00:07:43,796 --> 00:07:46,924
...with enemies of socialism,...
99
00:07:47,233 --> 00:07:50,532
...with West-German spies,...
100
00:07:50,837 --> 00:07:53,897
...and all this fascist and reactionary rabble...
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00:07:54,173 --> 00:07:56,232
...which under these circumstances...
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00:07:56,509 --> 00:07:59,910
...will try to present themselves as...
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00:08:00,179 --> 00:08:03,546
...patriots and freedom-fighters for Czechoslovak liberty.
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00:08:07,687 --> 00:08:10,952
But the essential thing, which may be accepted or not,...
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00:08:11,691 --> 00:08:15,457
...is this: Could the socialist bloc allow...
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...the development of a political situation...
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...which led to the split...
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...of a socialist country...
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...and its fall in the arms of imperialism?
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Our view is: it couldn't have allowed it.
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And the socialist bloc has the right...
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00:08:40,353 --> 00:08:43,754
...to prevent it, one way or another.
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00:08:43,920 --> 00:08:45,160
(Georges Marchais, Secretary General of the French Communist
Party)
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00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:48,000
(Lille, 1970)
The French Communist Party...
115
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...has declared its opposition to the invasion...
116
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...and that position has not changed.
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It was reaffirmed in our XIXth Congress.
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I can resume the reasons of this position in three phrases:
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In January 1968, when the Czechoslovak Communist Party...
120
00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:14,240
...pronounced itself for the economical changes in the country...
121
00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:19,280
...for the application of a real socialist democracy...
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...while it would affect in no way its internal affairs,...
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...we found that perspective to be fair and we supported it.
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However, it is evident that in a country like Czechoslovakia...
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...which has been socialist for only 25 years,...
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...it is necessary to fight against forces hostile to socialism.
127
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But we, as we always believed...
128
00:09:46,120 --> 00:09:50,160
...thought that the Czech Communist Party and the democratic
Czech workers...
129
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...were strong enough to solve this problem themselves.
130
00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:56,800
It was the first time that a list of candidates...
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...for a conference hadn't been prepared beforehand.
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Anyone present could take part in the proceeding.
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Any delegate was free to challenge the orator.
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You've just said 'we'. I can say 'we', too.
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We are all delegates here, and it's up to us to reach an agreement.
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00:10:17,617 --> 00:10:20,245
(Etienne Fajon)
Roger Garaudy does his utmost to deform these realities. In
his most recent writings...
137
00:10:21,192 --> 00:10:25,015
In his more recent writings, the prodigious work...
138
00:10:25,389 --> 00:10:29,189
...of the Soviet Union is reduced to a series of mistakes,...
139
00:10:30,571 --> 00:10:33,808
Only the October Revolution is valid to his eyes,...
140
00:10:34,888 --> 00:10:40,267
...and the solidarity with the CPSU is replaced by the denunciation
of the Party...
141
00:10:40,953 --> 00:10:46,331
...and the systematic and often injurious critique of its
leaders.
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00:10:46,730 --> 00:10:51,077
He undertakes against the USSR and the socialist countries,
it must be said,...
143
00:10:51,891 --> 00:10:53,844
...the reaction's calumny.
144
00:10:55,809 --> 00:11:00,235
(Jorge Semprъn)
It isn't a Party disciplined in a military way that takes
power...
145
00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:06,040
...in October 1917. It's a Party where there was freedom of
expression...
146
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...freedom of association, of discussion between fractions.
147
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All of it while it took the power.
148
00:11:12,680 --> 00:11:15,040
It was much later, after the victory,...
149
00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:17,920
that this clash of opinions was...
150
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...codified as impossible inside the Party.
151
00:11:20,520 --> 00:11:21,960
But the Party that took the power...
152
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...was not the model of Party imposed in the entire world.
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Such Party, today, would be expelled...
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...from the Communist workers' movement...
155
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...for the very same reasons
why the members...
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...of the Czech Communist Party who tried...
157
00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:39,400
...to retake this fight were expelled....
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00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:41,800
All members of the Central Committee...
159
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...elected during the congress will be expelled from the Party.
160
00:11:45,160 --> 00:11:48,520
The XIVth Congress itself will be declared null and void.
161
00:11:48,521 --> 00:11:49,521
Dubcek in Moscow will have to finish the operation of exorcism.
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So, look well at these images.
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They show something which, apparently, never happened.
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A Communist Party, which, moving away from Stalinism,...
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00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:03,640
...transforms and reinvents itself in socialist democracy...
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...something the reactionaries would say is impossible.
167
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An opinion shared by the Soviets.
168
00:12:08,900 --> 00:12:10,040
This must be what they call Peaceful Coexistence.
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(Emil Zatopek)
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00:13:20,020 --> 00:13:22,380
Recording of Zatopek in 1952, in Helsinki,...
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A small island of peace in the Cold War,...
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00:13:25,820 --> 00:13:28,140
...that one day will be seen by historians as...
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00:13:28,140 --> 00:13:31,620
...the first attempt to cross the abyss between East and West,...
174
00:13:31,860 --> 00:13:33,700
...before the turns of ping-pong and basketball diplomacy
started,...
175
00:13:35,420 --> 00:13:39,220
At a moment when the War in Korea seemed to predict a very
different future.
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00:13:43,980 --> 00:13:45,980
There was a team from South Korea in Helsinki,...
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00:13:45,980 --> 00:13:48,660
...and its cook was the man Leni Riefenstahl had filmed,...
178
00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:51,540
...as winner of the marathon...
179
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...In the Berlin Olympics of 1936.
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00:13:54,420 --> 00:13:56,300
Just that, by then, he was Japanese.
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00:13:57,060 --> 00:13:58,580
You never know what you are filming.
182
00:13:59,620 --> 00:14:03,540
Leni Riefenstahl thought that she was filming a Japanese,
and it was a Korean.
183
00:14:04,860 --> 00:14:08,700
In '52 I thought I was filming the winning rider of the Chilean
team.
184
00:14:08,701 --> 00:14:09,701
I was filming a putschist.
185
00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:11,580
Turns out it was Lieutenant Mendoza,...
186
00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:13,860
...later General Mendoza,...
187
00:14:14,420 --> 00:14:15,860
...member of Pinochet's Junta.
188
00:14:17,060 --> 00:14:18,580
You never know what you are filming.
189
00:14:23,140 --> 00:14:24,940
What did they say the cameras thought...
190
00:14:24,940 --> 00:14:26,940
...they were showing at the Stadium in Munich 1972?
191
00:14:27,740 --> 00:14:29,980
Astonishment to see the games...
192
00:14:29,980 --> 00:14:32,620
...carry on despite the death of 8 Israelis?
193
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:37,180
But in Mexico City in 1968 I'd seen 200 people massacred...
194
00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:39,580
...so that the Games could begin.
195
00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:22,160
Student demonstration, May '68, quickly repressed the Mexican
way.
196
00:15:22,520 --> 00:15:26,520
Two hundred dead, and the Games opened in a pacified capital.
197
00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:29,880
Not a single country turned down the invitation.
198
00:15:46,520 --> 00:15:50,400
Was it because of this, this nightmare of History, as someone
called it,...
199
00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:52,960
...that in the Munich Stadium in 1972...
200
00:15:53,840 --> 00:15:55,600
...Emil Zatopek cried?
201
00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:04,160
Or was it, more precisely, was he back
at the Helsinki stadium in 1952...
202
00:16:05,120 --> 00:16:08,800
...which, for the Czechs, was more than anything, the year
of the Slбnsky trials?
203
00:16:09,760 --> 00:16:14,120
Defendant Slбnsky, after 30 years in the Czech Party,...
204
00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:18,360
...what made you put yourself at the service of the imperialists...
205
00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:21,400
...and direct the conspiracy against the Popular Republic?
206
00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:27,160
(Rudolf Slбnsky. 14 months earlier Secretary General of the
Czechoslovak Communist Party)
207
00:16:29,455 --> 00:16:31,616
To explain myself,...
208
00:16:31,890 --> 00:16:34,984
...I must say a few things about my past.
209
00:16:35,260 --> 00:16:38,593
I did take part...
210
00:16:41,367 --> 00:16:44,666
...in the workers' movement,...
211
00:16:45,137 --> 00:16:47,367
...but I come from a bourgeois background.
212
00:16:48,880 --> 00:16:50,560
Eleven death sentences.
213
00:16:51,400 --> 00:16:52,720
The first, Slбnsky's.
214
00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:58,240
Three life sentences minus the time spent in jail during trial...
215
00:16:59,360 --> 00:17:04,280
...to Vavro Hajdu, Eugen Lцbl
and Arthur London.
216
00:17:05,920 --> 00:17:08,320
The questions they asked astonished me.
217
00:17:09,160 --> 00:17:11,960
(Arthur London)
And the answers they tried to obtain by force...
218
00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:18,240
The questions were identical to the ones in the Rajk process...
219
00:17:18,920 --> 00:17:21,600
...and, some time after, on the Kostov process.
220
00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:24,080
Afterwards, I remembered the Moscow trials...
221
00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:28,040
...when we had felt so annoyed seeing...
222
00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:31,560
...Lenin's comrades on the benches of infamy.
223
00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:34,680
We couldn't understand it then, and we felt ill.
224
00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:36,120
These things coma back...
225
00:17:36,720 --> 00:17:39,600
And I realised that the process, the whole drama...
226
00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:41,800
...in which I had taken part...
227
00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:47,600
...was the repetition of these trials that had taken place
in Moscow.
228
00:17:47,640 --> 00:17:50,120
That it was all a show.
229
00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:55,040
Something inherent to the Stalinist...
230
00:17:55,040 --> 00:17:57,720
...system of the '30s.
231
00:17:58,800 --> 00:18:01,160
By using the term 'Stalinist', doesn't one risk...
232
00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:04,000
...sealing it historically...
233
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,560
...and restrict it to a series...
234
00:18:06,560 --> 00:18:10,320
...of historical, geographical and social circumstances...
235
00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:11,840
...of a given country at a given age?
236
00:18:12,280 --> 00:18:13,800
Or is it a permanent danger...
237
00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:16,080
...which has to be fought at all times?
238
00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:20,160
It is a permanent danger, which is all the more dangerous...
239
00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:24,000
...because it hasn't been examined in depth.
240
00:18:27,360 --> 00:18:28,360
Stalinism...
241
00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:34,320
...has been a grave deformity...
242
00:18:36,280 --> 00:18:37,400
...of socialism.
243
00:18:41,240 --> 00:18:44,720
Deformity which has had extremely...
244
00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:47,200
...painful consequences...
245
00:18:50,160 --> 00:18:54,760
...for the Soviet people...
and for communists around the world.
246
00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:56,120
It's an ambiguous term...
247
00:18:56,760 --> 00:18:59,440
...because, it supposes, that, to start with,...
248
00:18:59,560 --> 00:19:01,720
...that evolution is connected...
249
00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:04,360
...to a man, or a group of men,...
250
00:19:05,520 --> 00:19:09,800
...and maybe, perhaps, a social situation of isolation and
regression.
251
00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:12,520
In such a way that, once a certain kind...
252
00:19:12,520 --> 00:19:15,080
...of leader has left the scene of History,...
253
00:19:15,840 --> 00:19:17,920
...and a certain kind of isolation...
254
00:19:17,920 --> 00:19:21,440
...and regression have left the scene of History,...
255
00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:23,640
...these phenomena won't happen again.
256
00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:26,880
But experience shows that that is not exactly right.
257
00:19:27,560 --> 00:19:30,000
Let's look at Czechoslovakia:
258
00:19:30,680 --> 00:19:33,120
A developed country,...
259
00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:37,760
...a country with a working class, with a long democratic
tradition,...
260
00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:41,240
...with a long tradition of struggles of all kinds,...
261
00:19:41,840 --> 00:19:45,880
...with an authentic Communist Party,...
262
00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:49,120
...which doesn't depend on foreign intervention or foreign
orders.
263
00:19:49,120 --> 00:19:52,480
Even there it was possible to impose a certain model...
264
00:19:52,480 --> 00:19:54,680
...which we'll call, to keep it simple, Stalinist.
265
00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:57,320
Thus, apart from historical,...
266
00:19:57,840 --> 00:20:00,880
...geographical and economic reasons,...
267
00:20:01,440 --> 00:20:07,840
...we must find a supplementary reason, to use a fashionable
word,...
268
00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:09,840
...which overdetermines the others.
269
00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:13,840
I think that we must look for this phenomenon ...
270
00:20:14,440 --> 00:20:18,360
...of overdetermination in the very working mechanism of the
institutions of power
271
00:20:18,640 --> 00:20:21,280
...and the Party institutions.
272
00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:24,040
(Jean Eillenstein, Historian, member of the French Communist
Party)
273
00:20:24,050 --> 00:20:29,360
The French CP, from 1944 to 1953 was undoubtedly Stalinist...
274
00:20:29,360 --> 00:20:31,760
We must recognise that we were all Stalinists.
275
00:20:31,760 --> 00:20:36,320
Thousands of French Communists were Stalinists at the time.
276
00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:41,440
But, what is this we call 'Stalinism'?
277
00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:43,480
Stalinism, first of all,...
278
00:20:43,480 --> 00:20:48,360
...supposes that the USSR is the first socialist State.
279
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:52,520
And that it defended and built socialism...
280
00:20:52,520 --> 00:20:55,120
...under historically horrendous conditions.
281
00:20:55,640 --> 00:20:57,880
I think that, in moments of crisis and action,...
282
00:20:57,880 --> 00:21:00,040
...everything easilly turns black and white.
283
00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:04,440
In those times, a critical thinking can delay necessary action.
284
00:21:04,920 --> 00:21:09,160
But I believe that it is vital no to let it become a norm.
285
00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:12,920
Because the lack and destruction of critical thinking...
286
00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:15,880
...always ends up turning against the cause...
287
00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:18,040
...which is defended with abnegation.
288
00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:22,320
I believe there is, in the tradition of the workers and communist
movements,...
289
00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:26,840
...a long-term deformity...
290
00:21:27,320 --> 00:21:30,720
...which equals political and military comparisons.
291
00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:33,840
What I mean is, in a military structure, the orders...
292
00:21:33,840 --> 00:21:35,760
(April, 1975)
...go from the Staff to the troops.
293
00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:38,840
Rankless soldiers are mere executors...
294
00:21:38,840 --> 00:21:41,040
(24th Congress of the CPSU)
...of the received orders,
the given plans,...
295
00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:44,120
They never take part in the joint discussion...
296
00:21:44,120 --> 00:21:46,640
...of strategical plans.
297
00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:52,440
It's hard to imagine an army assembled to democratically voted...
298
00:21:52,440 --> 00:21:56,040
...the decisions taken by the commanders or the HQ.
299
00:21:56,480 --> 00:22:00,040
It's unthinkable, for good or for evil, unthinkable.
300
00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:01,920
And as far as political action is concerned,...
301
00:22:02,680 --> 00:22:06,440
...all attempts of reproducing this model is ill-fated ...
302
00:22:06,440 --> 00:22:07,600
...for political action.
303
00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:10,920
Thus, the radical difference is that a mass political action...
304
00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:14,080
...cannot be conceived without a constant dialectic...
305
00:22:14,080 --> 00:22:17,600
...which destroys constantly the understanding between the
base and the head...
306
00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:20,000
...and that creates a new understanding at every moment.
307
00:22:20,240 --> 00:22:25,360
Or: the base's, the masses' initiative in politics...
308
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:30,800
...must act as a impulsive force at all levels:
309
00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:34,720
...union, political, committee,at a workers' democracy level,...
310
00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:38,400
...in a way that it constitutes itself in a new impulse...
311
00:22:38,440 --> 00:22:41,240
...and that this impulse goes back to the masses.
312
00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:44,200
(IX Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, April 1st, 1969)
313
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:46,720
Chairman Mao...
314
00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:52,480
...and his close comrade-at-arms,
Lin Piao, leave the stage.
315
00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:54,480
The crowd cheers.
316
00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:34,080
LETTER TO SOME COMRADES
317
00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:36,680
You've dreamt your China.
318
00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:44,840
Apparently, you have to wash the dishes of this revolution,...
319
00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:49,240
...so that it looks immaculate, explainable.
320
00:23:51,360 --> 00:23:53,040
Everything else will be done without you.
321
00:23:54,880 --> 00:23:58,960
You found your use there: explain, explain everything.
322
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:03,120
Wasn't it enough for you that human history, as it is,...
323
00:24:03,120 --> 00:24:05,600
...with its horrors and dark patches,...
324
00:24:06,360 --> 00:24:09,440
...took away 700 million people...
325
00:24:09,440 --> 00:24:11,760
...from misery and slavery,...
326
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:13,840
...even though it may be through new servitudes,...
327
00:24:13,840 --> 00:24:17,400
...against which a new wave of History stirs and fights?
328
00:24:18,320 --> 00:24:21,480
No, it all has to be satisfied at once.
329
00:24:23,820 --> 00:24:26,380
Political theory, democracy, philosophy,...
330
00:24:26,860 --> 00:24:28,500
...even art and literature.
331
00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:34,560
Good. Even if you skip the contradictions...
332
00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:39,000
...you don't do much in the perpetual struggle between the
two lines.
333
00:24:41,120 --> 00:24:42,760
But it is always deciphered in retrospective,...
334
00:24:42,780 --> 00:24:44,920
...and from the victor's point of view.
335
00:24:46,180 --> 00:24:50,800
You practice an inverse form of dialectics, which start at
the end,...
336
00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:54,160
...or what's the same, the position of the dominating faction,...
337
00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:57,160
...and return to a, until now, imperceptible origin.
338
00:24:59,560 --> 00:25:02,800
Each crisis gave birth not only to a new future,...
339
00:25:02,980 --> 00:25:04,060
...but to a new past...
340
00:25:05,480 --> 00:25:07,640
...perfectly clear, though a bit tedious.
341
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:11,440
Humble and naive people resisted their own way:
342
00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:15,140
Naively... humbly.
343
00:25:16,860 --> 00:25:18,530
Not you.
344
00:25:18,540 --> 00:25:20,640
Your intelligence was reaffirmed by liars.
345
00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:24,540
You feel the vertigo of stupidity and leave...
346
00:25:24,550 --> 00:25:26,240
...the real climbers to face the real vertigo...
347
00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:28,960
...with a feeling of pride and victory.
348
00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:37,960
By explaining it all, by justifying it all,...
349
00:25:38,840 --> 00:25:43,200
...you side with the more traditional role that tyranny has
assigned intellectuals.
350
00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:45,800
Your sole originality...
351
00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:49,800
...consists in that you did while you proclaimed the end of
tyranny...
352
00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:53,360
...and while you persuaded yourself you had worked to destroy
it.
353
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:10,840
Georges Pompidou, President of France who'd soon be dead,...
354
00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:14,760
...meets Jian Qing, wife of Mao Tse-Tung, who'd soon be a
widow.
355
00:26:16,360 --> 00:26:20,120
On the doorstep of the Great Helmsman, Pompidou is welcomed
by Wang Hong-Wen,...
356
00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:24,040
...promoted by the Cultural Revolution to the heights of the
Central Committee...
357
00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:26,240
...to represent it symbolically.
358
00:26:28,580 --> 00:26:32,720
At this time, Mao is the last of this special kind of men...
359
00:26:32,820 --> 00:26:35,940
...who reign no so much because they impose their will,
360
00:26:35,940 --> 00:26:37,460
...even if they do impose a lot,...
361
00:26:38,180 --> 00:26:39,540
...but because they incarnate something.
362
00:26:40,620 --> 00:26:42,780
This has to do with a need to believe,...
363
00:26:42,780 --> 00:26:45,140
...of having faith, the fear of the void, of the paternal
figure.
364
00:26:46,460 --> 00:26:50,020
All this does not represent the most comforting possibility
of man...
365
00:26:50,660 --> 00:26:52,540
...but is the stuff with which dreams are made.
366
00:26:54,060 --> 00:26:55,740
The right thing here is to think there's a slight miscasting.
367
00:26:56,460 --> 00:27:00,380
It was De Gaulle who should have met Mao. At least, that's
what History wanted.
368
00:27:01,220 --> 00:27:03,340
But History gets old...
369
00:27:04,140 --> 00:27:06,380
...and loses sight, and can be tricked easily.
370
00:27:08,527 --> 00:27:13,268
Specially if one is a child of the elites and moreover stimulated
by ingratitude.
371
00:27:14,317 --> 00:27:16,845
I don't think I have what is called a 'political future'.
372
00:27:17,500 --> 00:27:19,555
(Georges Pompidou, February 1969)
I have a political past.
373
00:27:19,555 --> 00:27:23,390
I may have, God willing, a national destiny.
374
00:27:24,584 --> 00:27:27,699
Thus begins the war of sucession, in China as in France.
375
00:27:28,738 --> 00:27:34,688
With the complicity, bitter or ironic, or so it seems, of
those that were to be succeeded.
376
00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:39,160
(Maurice Grimaud)
I saw him at the end of June...
377
00:27:39,160 --> 00:27:41,480
...and he was a different man.
378
00:27:42,160 --> 00:27:46,000
He seemed exhausted and obviously insecure about his future...
379
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:48,520
...even though he'd won the match after the 30th of May,...
380
00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:50,200
...and had managed to revert the situation.
381
00:27:50,960 --> 00:27:53,640
But General De Gaulle had been clearly...
382
00:27:53,640 --> 00:27:56,760
...touched by the events.
383
00:27:57,480 --> 00:28:01,120
And many of his most loyal men were...
384
00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:03,760
...thinking of abandoning him.
385
00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:05,960
They thought that he had become a...
386
00:28:05,960 --> 00:28:08,400
...bothersome figure and abandoned him.
387
00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:11,760
(Alain Touraine)
The left had...
388
00:28:11,760 --> 00:28:14,080
...joined De Gaulle during the events of May and June...
389
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:16,880
...and it was the right that got rid of him in April.
390
00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:21,720
An analysis of the results of the referendum is quite clear
on this.
391
00:28:22,520 --> 00:28:26,840
(Andrй Malraux)
Today, April 23, it is no longer legal reasons...
392
00:28:26,840 --> 00:28:31,400
...those who will determine the results of 10000 votes.
393
00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:34,840
As in many other circumstances,...
394
00:28:35,320 --> 00:28:39,440
'Yes' is a vote of trust in De Gaulle...
395
00:28:40,360 --> 00:28:44,080
...and 'No' the expression of the wish that he leaves.
396
00:28:44,680 --> 00:28:47,720
(Giscard D'Estaing)
In response to the only question asked...
397
00:28:48,280 --> 00:28:52,200
...and which seeks my approval for the entire law,...
398
00:28:53,120 --> 00:28:58,120
...as far as I'm concerned, unfortunately, but certainly,...
399
00:28:59,080 --> 00:29:00,160
I'll vote no.
400
00:29:00,714 --> 00:29:10,363
We must try to understand why this progressive substitution
of De Gaulle for a liberal bourgeois party.
401
00:29:11,689 --> 00:29:13,459
I think it can be explained in two ways:...
402
00:29:14,487 --> 00:29:19,629
One of the reasons that justified De Gaulle's rise to power,...
403
00:29:20,070 --> 00:29:25,141
...the institutional disorder, the political impotence in
the War in Algeria,...
404
00:29:25,975 --> 00:29:31,187
...and the big obstacles to economical modernisation in France.
405
00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:35,422
One can argue that those problems are largely solved.
406
00:29:35,676 --> 00:29:41,069
That De Gaulle, a restorer, has remodelled the system and
that we no longer need him.
407
00:29:41,794 --> 00:29:48,293
On the other hand, economically, it's been a time when France
has developed itself in a technocratic way,...
408
00:29:48,860 --> 00:29:56,831
...with a leading role of the State without an apparatus of
incorporation of the French economy,...
409
00:29:57,332 --> 00:30:00,150
...as it is, to the Common Market and a larger Atlantic space,...
410
00:30:01,448 --> 00:30:07,393
...essential for the large business that want the power to
develop a multinational base...
411
00:30:08,038 --> 00:30:10,642
...and which are 'sinners' according to the Gaullist conception.
412
00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:13,120
I think the majority answer will be 'no'.
413
00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:18,120
Judging by what people say...
414
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,040
People are tired of his way...
415
00:30:22,040 --> 00:30:25,920
...of acting. "If the 'yes' doesn't win I'll leave".
416
00:30:25,920 --> 00:30:27,200
Well, leave then!
417
00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:29,760
Life will go on without him.
418
00:30:30,720 --> 00:30:33,520
Anyway, he could die tomorrow morning...
419
00:30:34,160 --> 00:30:36,120
...and we'd have to replace him.
We are only human.
420
00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:39,520
My husband nearly died a while ago,...
421
00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:44,240
I wasn't thinking of dying with him or committing suicide.
422
00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:46,880
We have to go on living.
423
00:30:49,260 --> 00:30:52,020
(April 1969, RTL, Paris)
Mr. Miterrand, I'd like to ask you this: Until the end of...
424
00:30:52,020 --> 00:30:53,740
...the May crisis your public image was that of...
425
00:30:54,100 --> 00:30:56,420
...the man who would put an end to the Gaullist regime.
426
00:30:56,820 --> 00:31:01,300
How would present yourself before public opinion now?
427
00:31:01,620 --> 00:31:05,300
What is your position before the referendum campaign?
428
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:10,800
(Franзois Miterrand)
Allow me to underline firstly that I'm here...
429
00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:13,160
...as a guest of Radio Luxemburg.
430
00:31:13,560 --> 00:31:15,080
But I'll answer your question.
431
00:31:15,080 --> 00:31:19,080
You haven't put in the same wording as Broussine.
432
00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:23,640
All that you were asked was if you are candidate to the presidency
of the Republic.
433
00:31:23,920 --> 00:31:25,200
Aren't you hurrying a bit?
434
00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:29,440
Do you think a goverment of a united left is possible?
435
00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:36,720
It should be possible, if everybody has the will.
436
00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:40,200
Please, gentleman. Mr. Miterrand has the word to conclude.
437
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:42,000
It's getting late.
438
00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:44,800
I must ask you not to interrupt.
439
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:49,680
I have already said, recently and publicly,...
440
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:53,280
...so this is no improvised answer,...
441
00:31:54,240 --> 00:31:57,840
...that it seems absurd to me to think
that in our French country,...
442
00:31:58,240 --> 00:32:00,200
...where we can have a French model of socialism,...
443
00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:03,560
...to push for collective appropriation...
444
00:32:03,560 --> 00:32:05,480
...of the means of production and exchange.
445
00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:08,840
Or to reduce French agriculture to the
category of 'kolkhozes',...
446
00:32:09,640 --> 00:32:12,200
Or that we think of nationalising and
collectivising...
447
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:15,360
...the whole of French enterprises.
448
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:16,880
I've always said that we must...
449
00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:20,040
...combine our programme with the laws
of the market,...
450
00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:23,000
...which means, in economical terms, to take into account
the laws of profit.
451
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,560
Even with the best conscience, in the collective appropriation...
452
00:32:26,560 --> 00:32:29,240
...it's not possible to ignore the laws of profit.
453
00:32:29,880 --> 00:32:31,400
So don't put words in my mouth which I haven't said.
454
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:34,760
After 50 years of socialist experiences...
455
00:32:34,760 --> 00:32:37,600
...we won't take the same path of mistakes...
456
00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:41,240
...that perhaps were indispensable or inevitable in the past.
457
00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:43,940
We'll only take what is good from it.
458
00:32:44,436 --> 00:32:50,305
Napoleon wrote: "I've made my plans with the dreams of
my sleeping soldiers".
459
00:32:51,489 --> 00:32:56,652
Often General De Gaulle made plans with the dreams of a sleeping
France.
460
00:32:57,748 --> 00:33:01,753
Because he found at his side, Frenchmen who didn't want to
sleep.
461
00:33:03,223 --> 00:33:07,741
Your yes so that he know he may count on you.
462
00:33:09,299 --> 00:33:15,866
And also, to send a message to those who prepare something...
463
00:33:16,381 --> 00:33:20,620
...for the night of the referendum, thing that would be very
grave.
464
00:33:21,768 --> 00:33:29,594
And also, so that these adversaries know that if they want
to recommence May,...
465
00:33:30,593 --> 00:33:34,334
...we are ready to recommence the Champs Elysees March!
466
00:33:56,480 --> 00:34:00,560
No: 53%.
Yes: 47%.
467
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:04,240
(Senate, April 27)
Little after midnight, General De Gaulle...
468
00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:07,040
...announces his departure in a
three line declaration.
469
00:34:12,120 --> 00:34:14,838
Goodbye, goodbye De Gaulle!
470
00:34:15,981 --> 00:34:20,260
And the next government? What has it got in store for us?
471
00:34:20,352 --> 00:34:25,012
What now? There can be no Gaullists without De Gaulle.
472
00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:28,440
We are constantly in this vicious circle.
473
00:34:29,040 --> 00:34:31,640
We ask for small improvements in our lives.
474
00:34:32,160 --> 00:34:33,680
But we give power to those who...
475
00:34:34,520 --> 00:34:36,960
...prevent us from living in a decent manner.
476
00:34:38,080 --> 00:34:41,160
A man once told me: "Vote as red as you want,...
477
00:34:41,160 --> 00:34:42,200
...it will pale down with time".
478
00:34:43,240 --> 00:34:45,600
If we assume that the CP is the strongest party,...
479
00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:47,760
...the best structured and organised,...
480
00:34:47,760 --> 00:34:49,680
...the one the workers trust the most,...
481
00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:56,520
...then, if it looks for an alliance to its right,...
482
00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:00,840
...first the Socialist Party, then the middle-class, then,
who knows?
483
00:34:59,385 --> 00:35:04,757
There's no other path to real change but the path of unity.
484
00:35:04,758 --> 00:35:08,194
I don't believe it possible to make a union of organisations
of the left.
485
00:35:08,612 --> 00:35:10,022
And, in fact, I think we must make a critique of this idea.
486
00:35:11,097 --> 00:35:17,144
Which is, how many of these organisation really want a change
in the regime?
487
00:35:20,638 --> 00:35:25,636
I agree with you and what you are saying, but I don't believe
in Guy Mollet.
488
00:35:27,720 --> 00:35:29,320
There are people who still remember...
489
00:35:30,720 --> 00:35:32,360
Anyhow, I remember...
490
00:35:33,720 --> 00:35:37,000
Two years in Algeria with Guy Mollet count for something.
491
00:35:37,280 --> 00:35:38,280
For me it's over!
492
00:35:39,040 --> 00:35:40,040
So I told him:
493
00:35:41,360 --> 00:35:44,240
The problem is not Guy Mollet.
494
00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:49,960
The problem is winning the common struggle...
495
00:35:51,640 --> 00:35:54,040
...of communist and socialist workers,
496
00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:55,200
...and that of all democrats.
497
00:35:55,880 --> 00:36:00,880
And I told him: "If you know an easier way, propose it
to me, I'm simple man,...
498
00:36:00,880 --> 00:36:04,640
I'm willing to follow it".
But there is no other way.
499
00:36:05,240 --> 00:36:07,640
(Party of L'Humanitй, 1972)
Buy the T-shirts of Popular Unity!
500
00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:12,680
Contribute to the triumph of Popular Unity!
501
00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:15,480
Buy the common programme!
502
00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:32,320
The programme of the Communist and Socialist parties and of
the Left Radicals...
503
00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:01,000
Our objective is the transformation of society.
504
00:37:01,600 --> 00:37:05,800
It is indispensable that we have a majority of the people
on our side...
505
00:37:05,800 --> 00:37:09,120
...in our democratic and revolutionary struggle.
506
00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:10,680
The question of democracy...
507
00:37:11,640 --> 00:37:15,920
...is fundamental for the development of socialism.
508
00:37:17,080 --> 00:37:20,000
I've explained in "History of the Stalinist phenomenon"...
509
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:24,360
...that Lenin himself underestimated the importance of democracy.
510
00:37:25,280 --> 00:37:27,640
Do you renounce the concept of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat?
511
00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:32,600
Let's say not to the concept, for its mainly theoretical.
512
00:37:33,280 --> 00:37:36,520
It hasn't a, let's say, operative value.
513
00:37:36,520 --> 00:37:38,680
Would Lenin agree?
514
00:37:38,680 --> 00:37:42,560
Maybe Lenin yes, but Marx surely wouldn't.
515
00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:47,760
For Marx it was a concept opposed to the dictatorship of the
bourgeoisie.
516
00:37:48,360 --> 00:37:50,800
For Lenin it was different because precisely he...
517
00:37:50,800 --> 00:37:54,000
...led a Party that had taken power...
518
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:58,200
...through a violent revolution, and had kept it by force.
519
00:37:59,080 --> 00:38:04,080
So he had assimilated the theoretical concept of Dictatorship
of the Proletariat...
520
00:38:04,080 --> 00:38:08,000
...together with the practical concept of directing a State
in a dictatorial manner.
521
00:38:08,880 --> 00:38:11,120
Because of this, in the Soviet Constitution of 1918,...
522
00:38:11,720 --> 00:38:15,080
...the voice of one worker was worth 25,000 peasant voices.
523
00:38:15,440 --> 00:38:17,040
That's why other parties were forbidden,...
524
00:38:17,840 --> 00:38:22,360
...that's why there was no freedom of press, nor assembly,
nor information, etc.
525
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:28,360
So there was a theoretical slide that was harmful...
526
00:38:29,480 --> 00:38:32,000
...because it hindered the democratic development...
527
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:33,920
...that socialism needed in countries such as ours.
528
00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:38,240
(In 1979, Eillenstein would be 'self-expelled' from the Party)
529
00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:41,240
What counts and what is essential...
530
00:38:41,240 --> 00:38:45,720
(United Left rally for the presidential election, La Courneuve,
1974)
531
00:38:45,720 --> 00:38:50,000
...is our concept of freedom and our capability of accepting
difference without sectarianism.
532
00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:55,000
Encouraged only by the need of liberating man from exploitation.
533
00:38:57,560 --> 00:38:59,960
The Communist Party has moved..
534
00:38:59,960 --> 00:39:02,920
...from orthodoxy to the monopoly of heterodoxy.
535
00:39:02,920 --> 00:39:06,400
In a way that the only good critique of Stalinism...
536
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:08,240
...comes from inside the Communist Party itself.
537
00:39:09,680 --> 00:39:13,200
It's inevitable that we clash, though not in the sense of
fighting.
538
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:16,040
We find other works...
539
00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:21,880
Debate is inevitable given that
we work in the same terrain...
540
00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:25,920
...and we part from similar set of principles.
541
00:39:25,920 --> 00:39:27,880
Nothing can put obstacles to these confrontations...
542
00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:31,400
...becoming more profound and rich...
543
00:39:32,040 --> 00:39:34,680
Another question is that of the political line.
544
00:39:35,120 --> 00:39:39,280
I think the confusion arises, caused specially by the communists.
545
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:41,720
Some of them still don't get things right.
546
00:39:42,240 --> 00:39:47,640
There's confusion outside and, sometimes, inside the CP...
547
00:39:47,640 --> 00:39:49,880
...insofar as political line is concerned...
548
00:39:49,880 --> 00:39:52,120
...and in the areas of debate...
549
00:39:52,120 --> 00:39:55,960
...and Marxist discussion and investigation.
550
00:39:56,640 --> 00:39:58,800
I believe they have to take place in two different levels.
551
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:02,560
Sometimes it happened that these differences were felt quite
rudely,...
552
00:40:02,560 --> 00:40:03,920
...outside of the factories.
553
00:40:05,394 --> 00:40:08,411
For us there is no way of fighting other than the workers'
front.
554
00:40:09,530 --> 00:40:11,547
Unity over internal divergences.
555
00:40:12,271 --> 00:40:16,268
Unity of all workers and their organizations, to achieve our
demands.
556
00:40:16,872 --> 00:40:18,867
To overthrow the bourgeois and police State.
557
00:40:19,080 --> 00:40:23,320
They are protected by the police, comrades.
Don't fall in their traps.
558
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:30,680
We've seen many times how this happened outside of the company's
doors.
559
00:40:31,720 --> 00:40:35,360
We deplore it, but we must speak clearly to show...
560
00:40:35,880 --> 00:40:38,400
...that we won't put down our flag before Stalinism...
561
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:41,760
We'll defend our political line...
562
00:40:41,760 --> 00:40:45,040
...and the workers' victories.
563
00:40:51,440 --> 00:40:54,200
We defend the victories of the Bolshevik revolution of 1917...
564
00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:55,880
...that Stalinism and the bureaucracy are wasting.
565
00:40:57,480 --> 00:41:00,400
Down with fascism!
566
00:41:03,280 --> 00:41:04,920
Fascism shall fail!
567
00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:19,600
Workers' democracy!
568
00:41:39,077 --> 00:41:40,668
Stop the provocation!
569
00:42:42,080 --> 00:42:46,360
(Prague, January 25, 1969. Funeral of Jan Palach)
570
00:43:23,720 --> 00:43:26,720
I don't think it was a suicide, because a suicide means...
571
00:43:27,240 --> 00:43:30,880
It's a solution for an individual...
572
00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:33,920
I don't see any way out so I kill myself.
573
00:43:34,240 --> 00:43:36,880
But that he had killed himself is completely different...
574
00:43:38,520 --> 00:43:41,160
...because he did it for everybody, not for himself.
575
00:43:42,120 --> 00:43:46,880
He's shown a courage that none of us have.
576
00:43:48,520 --> 00:43:50,600
He's done something truly extraordinary...
577
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:56,080
...because he has made us feel guilty... For nor acting before.
578
00:43:57,000 --> 00:44:00,240
We could have negotiated with someone, or...
579
00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:07,240
I think this whole cortиge expresses guilt.
580
00:44:11,241 --> 00:44:15,041
FROM CHILE TO...
WHAT? THAT'S IT?
581
00:44:26,203 --> 00:44:35,008
One day, we were successful; A Super-8 camera got inside the
Lecumberrн jail, Mexico.
582
00:44:48,169 --> 00:44:51,612
The next occasion was the magnetic tape with the voice of
Solzhenitsyn
583
00:44:52,289 --> 00:44:53,779
Ill water...
584
00:44:55,426 --> 00:44:57,257
Ill woods...
585
00:44:58,095 --> 00:45:01,326
A cruel prince, with slanted eyes,...
586
00:45:01,532 --> 00:45:03,124
...has stolen this lake...
587
00:45:04,234 --> 00:45:05,428
The footprints.
588
00:45:05,636 --> 00:45:07,433
Someone has lit a fire.
589
00:45:08,138 --> 00:45:09,901
The fire has gone out.
590
00:45:10,107 --> 00:45:11,233
The man is gone.
591
00:45:13,510 --> 00:45:15,273
The lake is desert,...
592
00:45:17,247 --> 00:45:19,306
...beloved lake,...
593
00:45:21,618 --> 00:45:22,949
...motherland.
594
00:45:23,640 --> 00:45:28,160
Greetings to all French audience from Persepolis.
595
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:34,240
(Persepolis, 1979. Commemoration of the 25.000th anniversary
of the Persian kingdom)
596
00:45:34,240 --> 00:45:37,320
The first image showed the Shah of Persia and the Shahbanou,...
597
00:45:37,320 --> 00:45:42,240
...welcoming the illustrious and august guests of all lands:
598
00:45:42,240 --> 00:45:43,840
Kings, princes, heads of state...
599
00:45:44,480 --> 00:45:48,760
Are united in Persepolis, the Versailles of yore.
600
00:45:49,680 --> 00:45:50,880
What an image!
601
00:45:51,360 --> 00:45:56,320
The Shahbanou of Iran with Mr. Podgorny,
president of the USSR.
602
00:45:56,640 --> 00:45:59,600
There's Marshall Tito and Lady Tito...
603
00:46:02,080 --> 00:46:06,120
...and many heads of state that represent almost
every nation in the world.
604
00:46:08,360 --> 00:46:11,280
I don't think I have ever seen so many crowned heads...
605
00:46:11,280 --> 00:46:14,320
...and some many heads of state together.
606
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:19,400
Meanwhile two heralds...
607
00:46:19,400 --> 00:46:23,840
...come to announce the beginning of the ceremony.
608
00:46:25,360 --> 00:46:29,520
The heralds come to inform his Imperial Majesty,...
609
00:46:29,880 --> 00:46:34,120
...the Shah-in-shah Arya Mehr, which means,
"King of kings, light of the aryans",...
610
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:36,800
...that the feasts are ready.
611
00:46:37,518 --> 00:46:39,159
"King of kings, light of the Aryans."
612
00:46:40,329 --> 00:46:45,089
Thus also begin the loyalty declarations that Iranian police...
613
00:46:45,485 --> 00:46:49,955
...make the families of condemned men sign, in exchange for
the mercy of the sovereign,...
614
00:46:50,801 --> 00:46:52,997
...whom we see here protected by his bullet-proof vest.
615
00:46:54,765 --> 00:46:56,702
...combed by a French hairdresser...
616
00:46:58,119 --> 00:47:02,188
...and every important lady who takes part in the ceremony...
617
00:47:02,571 --> 00:47:07,395
...has had her hair done by a famous parisian hairdresser,
and they make up done...
618
00:46:56,520 --> 00:46:59,440
(Wanted: Ulrike Meinhoff, from the Baader group)
619
00:47:06,360 --> 00:47:08,480
(Larry Bensky)
620
00:47:08,480 --> 00:47:12,080
If you engage in revolutionary activity in any country...
621
00:47:12,080 --> 00:47:14,120
...you risk no only repression but death.
622
00:47:15,080 --> 00:47:16,600
If you are thinking about becoming a revolutionary...
623
00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:21,200
...you should know, though it may not be a happy thought,...
624
00:47:21,200 --> 00:47:24,720
...that any day you can find yourself...
625
00:48:00,721 --> 00:48:04,721
(Arrest of Margrit Schiller)
626
00:48:12,640 --> 00:48:15,320
Ulrike.
Tania.
627
00:48:17,720 --> 00:48:18,880
Sarita.
628
00:48:24,780 --> 00:48:25,860
Nguyen Van Troi.
629
00:48:26,940 --> 00:48:28,060
Javier Hйraud.
630
00:48:33,940 --> 00:48:34,980
Malcolm X.
631
00:48:34,980 --> 00:48:36,180
Camilo Torres.
632
00:48:36,320 --> 00:48:37,720
Txiki.
633
00:48:48,140 --> 00:48:49,180
Vнctor Jara.
634
00:49:02,060 --> 00:49:03,300
Julian Grimau.
635
00:49:03,820 --> 00:49:05,020
George Jackson.
636
00:49:18,380 --> 00:49:19,540
Carlos Marighella.
637
00:49:32,060 --> 00:49:33,140
Roque Dalton.
638
00:49:33,560 --> 00:49:34,760
Pierre Overnay.
639
00:50:12,508 --> 00:50:16,053
Pierre Overnay was killed without being, by any instance,
a threat to the officer in charge,...
640
00:50:16,849 --> 00:50:21,158
...whom, apparently, shot him without having been attacked.
Paralel to the investigation,...
641
00:50:21,734 --> 00:50:24,537
...has naturally aroused many comments; For the CGT it was
a provocation,...
642
00:50:24,825 --> 00:50:32,100
...such acts are made to deviate the workers from their true
demands.
643
00:50:32,650 --> 00:50:33,684
Let's see.
644
00:50:34,471 --> 00:50:37,225
An action never judged by its support among the workers...
645
00:50:38,122 --> 00:50:39,600
...receives tags from whoever wants to put them.
646
00:50:40,294 --> 00:50:41,772
For the left of the regime: Provocation.
647
00:50:43,714 --> 00:50:45,051
For the CFDT: An adventure.
648
00:50:45,877 --> 00:50:47,365
For the CGT: Capitulation.
649
00:50:48,165 --> 00:50:51,516
There was a whole repertoire of stupid words: 'Lefty', 'revisio',...
650
00:50:51,949 --> 00:50:54,321
...so as not to look for the complexity of the conflict in
a sort of...
651
00:50:54,774 --> 00:50:57,912
...binary system, where each defined himself not by the class
struggle,...
652
00:50:58,406 --> 00:50:59,733
...but by the struggle between the organisations.
653
00:51:00,229 --> 00:51:01,134
It is that from the moment you give...
654
00:51:01,486 --> 00:51:03,561
...an organization the monopoly of the representation of the
class,...
655
00:51:03,976 --> 00:51:05,424
...it evidently no longer matters.
656
00:51:06,558 --> 00:51:09,458
As though we had to wait until the day we had our backs against
the walls...
657
00:51:09,882 --> 00:51:13,564
...of a stadium surrounded by the military to realise that
we had something to talk about.
658
00:51:14,561 --> 00:51:16,674
As though the frontiers of the organizations and the grupuscules,...
659
00:51:17,681 --> 00:51:20,048
...separated foreign towns instinctively hostile.
660
00:51:21,457 --> 00:51:24,689
So we played at opposing each other; Grand against Joint Franзais,
LIP against Rateau.
661
00:51:25,331 --> 00:51:27,614
...You send us against the cops, put us out in the street,...
662
00:51:28,301 --> 00:51:31,087
...and now you want to negotiate? You're ridiculous!
663
00:51:31,798 --> 00:51:32,945
It wasn't so clear at the bases.
664
00:51:33,783 --> 00:51:36,588
Well, the negotiations are broken up, the strike fund is zeroed,...
665
00:51:36,915 --> 00:51:39,471
...what do we do? Can we produce?
666
00:51:41,415 --> 00:51:45,210
Produce what?
Doesn't matter what.
667
00:51:48,120 --> 00:51:52,067
I don't know, you could give your opinion, if you think we
have done...
668
00:51:52,973 --> 00:51:56,880
...enough for two months' strike or not.
669
00:51:57,292 --> 00:51:58,279
I'd like to know what you think.
670
00:52:01,001 --> 00:52:03,516
Anyway, we have a wonderful oportunity of showing ourselves,...
671
00:52:04,521 --> 00:52:06,010
...at next week's demo.
672
00:52:07,441 --> 00:52:12,447
If we put 500 or 600 men on the street...
673
00:52:13,200 --> 00:52:15,132
It's us who have to fight so that the comrades come!
674
00:52:15,908 --> 00:52:19,267
They won't just come. But why do they come to get their pay...
675
00:52:19,599 --> 00:52:21,412
...at the end of the month and don't defend their interests?
676
00:52:20,862 --> 00:52:22,672
Because we don't fight enough with ideas.
677
00:52:24,104 --> 00:52:25,043
It's a sad thing, but it's true.
678
00:52:25,897 --> 00:52:27,518
If we struggled a bit more to win over these comrades,...
679
00:52:28,183 --> 00:52:30,196
...then perhaps we will not be a hundred fools having fun
made out of.
680
00:52:30,738 --> 00:52:33,446
Maybe we can get 500 steelworkers working, that's how it is.
681
00:52:34,284 --> 00:52:36,551
That's why the commissions don't work as planned.
682
00:52:37,233 --> 00:52:38,948
There are only a handful who work, that's the problem.
683
00:52:40,859 --> 00:52:42,210
We've talked to them, we've been calling them for months.
684
00:52:43,427 --> 00:52:44,563
We've been sucking up to them for months.
685
00:52:45,098 --> 00:52:46,850
We've been asking them to give us a hand for months,...
686
00:52:47,243 --> 00:52:49,237
They aren't coming. And you are not going to get a rifle to
shoot them, leave it...
687
00:52:51,473 --> 00:52:53,263
But we must convince ourselves.
688
00:52:54,109 --> 00:52:57,101
We can win the battle, we can have a left-wing government,...
689
00:52:57,514 --> 00:53:01,017
...but we must convince ourselves, and to do it...
690
00:53:01,652 --> 00:53:02,858
...we have to convince the others.
691
00:53:03,678 --> 00:53:05,631
Because, for fuck's sake, we are in a new situation,...
692
00:53:06,484 --> 00:53:08,711
...a situation created out of Pompidou's death.
693
00:53:13,764 --> 00:53:16,554
On April 6, 1974 Georges Pompidou dies.
694
00:53:17,671 --> 00:53:19,394
It is then that Jacques Chirac has the idea...
695
00:53:19,658 --> 00:53:21,218
...that in order to make the gaullism of the future triumph,...
696
00:53:21,889 --> 00:53:24,346
...the best way was to get Giscard D'Estaing elected at once.
697
00:53:25,253 --> 00:53:30,278
And for the papacies, two chapels, to the left and to the
right.
698
00:53:32,867 --> 00:53:37,609
Advance without precipitation, towards meditation.
699
00:53:41,180 --> 00:53:44,580
Nixon looks uncomfortable in the stairways of Nфtre-Dame,
tribulated.
700
00:53:45,300 --> 00:53:48,260
In fact, this entire collection of heads of state looks ill.
701
00:53:52,280 --> 00:53:54,400
Power must be bad for your health. Just look at them.
702
00:53:55,400 --> 00:53:59,660
Compare their expressions with the clear look of a cat. It's
the definitive proof.
703
00:54:01,140 --> 00:54:02,900
A cat is never on the side of power.
704
00:54:03,520 --> 00:54:06,280
To prove it, consider the ceremony that the good...
705
00:54:06,280 --> 00:54:09,440
...king Baldwin of Belgium held every year in Ypres.
706
00:54:09,940 --> 00:54:13,380
In the Middle-Ages, the people of Ypres was accused of adoring
cats.
707
00:55:18,548 --> 00:55:21,176
He's gone mad.
708
00:55:21,551 --> 00:55:24,179
I can't do nothing but...
709
00:55:24,554 --> 00:55:27,421
...look at him growl and struggle.
710
00:55:28,191 --> 00:55:29,988
He bangs against everything.
711
00:55:30,794 --> 00:55:33,024
He didn't want to let me...
712
00:55:33,296 --> 00:55:35,890
...change his dressings.
713
00:55:50,840 --> 00:55:53,920
Until a while ago, those who held the power oppressed and
killed directly.
714
00:55:55,440 --> 00:55:59,080
Today, death and madness can be a simple by-product of their
activities.
715
00:56:00,960 --> 00:56:05,800
In Japan, the Chisso company has poisoned the water of Minamata
with mercury residues.
716
00:56:06,880 --> 00:56:10,560
The fishermen and their families suffer from what they call
simply, 'the illness'.
717
00:56:11,840 --> 00:56:13,120
Deformed babies are born.
718
00:56:30,954 --> 00:56:33,422
(Osaka, November 28, 1970)
719
00:56:34,040 --> 00:56:37,000
(Chisso shareholders meeting)
720
00:56:43,533 --> 00:56:45,023
Let the victims speak!
721
00:56:45,769 --> 00:56:47,862
Let them speak!
722
00:56:54,811 --> 00:56:56,506
Let your rage burst!
723
00:56:57,781 --> 00:56:59,305
Resuscitate the dead!
724
00:58:04,848 --> 00:58:07,544
CHANT OF THE VICTIMS OF MINAMATA
725
00:58:21,731 --> 00:58:24,928
(The President of Chisso)
726
00:58:48,391 --> 00:58:51,053
You are a parent, too.
727
00:58:51,494 --> 00:58:56,124
Do you understand what I'm saying?
728
00:58:56,432 --> 00:58:59,265
We are both parents.
729
00:58:59,903 --> 00:59:02,963
Can you understand that?
730
00:59:04,207 --> 00:59:06,971
Can you imagine what I'm feeling?
731
00:59:07,277 --> 00:59:10,269
Stop smiling!
732
00:59:11,214 --> 00:59:12,772
Parents have...
733
00:59:13,149 --> 00:59:13,979
...their children,
734
00:59:14,250 --> 00:59:17,014
And the children have their parents,...
735
00:59:17,287 --> 00:59:19,187
Can you understand that?
736
00:59:19,889 --> 00:59:22,084
To us, old people, without children,...
737
00:59:22,392 --> 00:59:24,417
...everything is over!
738
00:59:36,180 --> 00:59:40,260
(Watergate trials, 1973)
739
00:59:40,260 --> 00:59:42,780
When it is the highest authority of the world's greatest power
740
00:59:42,780 --> 00:59:44,020
sitting in the bench...
741
00:59:44,700 --> 00:59:46,340
...things are quite different.
742
01:00:51,300 --> 01:00:53,780
Not a single demonstration in all of the United States.
743
01:00:53,780 --> 01:00:55,580
Not a single popular intervention,...
744
01:00:55,620 --> 01:00:57,060
...spontaneous or organised.
745
01:00:58,434 --> 01:01:00,500
The most gigantic crack in the Power...
746
01:01:00,534 --> 01:01:04,500
...permanently contested during the '60s wasn't exploited
by anyone.
747
01:01:04,940 --> 01:01:09,220
(Larry Bensky)
The same people that had united to...
748
01:01:09,220 --> 01:01:12,060
...protest against the war in Vietnam...
749
01:01:13,180 --> 01:01:16,660
...now say we have to do something different at the same time.
750
01:01:17,420 --> 01:01:20,780
Sometimes you have to look inside yourself.
751
01:01:22,060 --> 01:01:25,700
You have to feel good vibrations, live in harmony with others...
752
01:01:26,380 --> 01:01:28,460
...to be at peace with the world,...
753
01:01:29,140 --> 01:01:34,980
I mean, with the environment, with the interpersonal world.
754
01:01:38,620 --> 01:01:42,300
In the terrain of current affairs, maybe there aren't any
demonstrations in the streets.
755
01:01:43,140 --> 01:01:48,220
You no longer see political gestures like raising your fist
all the time.
756
01:01:48,900 --> 01:01:49,980
But the struggle continues...
757
01:01:49,980 --> 01:01:54,540
...and I believe people participate even more, each his own
way.
758
01:01:56,500 --> 01:01:58,860
They know how to work together.
759
01:01:58,860 --> 01:02:05,020
And that doesn't mean great assemblies from dawn to dusk...
760
01:02:05,020 --> 01:02:09,180
...talking about Marx, Lenin, Mao without actually doing anything.
761
01:02:09,820 --> 01:02:13,620
Now they know how to work together better than before.
762
01:02:13,620 --> 01:02:16,500
It's something. Before it was terrible.
763
01:02:16,500 --> 01:02:20,500
The famous and referenced movement of the '60s...
764
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:23,260
...could have done something.
765
01:02:24,300 --> 01:02:28,660
But it didn't have any knowledge of work methods...
766
01:02:28,660 --> 01:02:32,780
...which, for me, would have allowed for a much more effective
work.
767
01:02:33,900 --> 01:02:37,340
(October 1967. The Pentagon)
768
01:02:43,340 --> 01:02:46,940
(Admiral Mohr)
769
01:02:56,060 --> 01:02:57,740
Looking at these images, in retrospective,...
770
01:02:58,340 --> 01:03:01,340
You can identify the tricks the authorities played on us.
771
01:03:01,340 --> 01:03:05,660
In practice, no unarmed demonstrator could pass the lines
of the soldiers.
772
01:03:06,140 --> 01:03:08,540
In front of us were the buildings of the Pentagon,...
773
01:03:08,980 --> 01:03:13,260
...objectives of the 'direct action' to which the organisers
called.
774
01:03:13,740 --> 01:03:16,780
Then, when it was about to start,...
775
01:03:16,780 --> 01:03:20,500
...surprise, surprise. No soldiers, no bayonets.
776
01:03:20,500 --> 01:03:23,900
No steely looks. Just a few policemen...
777
01:03:23,900 --> 01:03:27,620
...that are pushed aside by some demonstrators that shout
joyfully...
778
01:03:28,300 --> 01:03:31,460
...when they trespass a frontier no-one seemed willing to
defend.
779
01:04:01,660 --> 01:04:03,740
And everything stops here, at the stairs...
780
01:04:03,740 --> 01:04:06,420
...after a symbolic attempt of getting inside.
781
01:04:06,720 --> 01:04:08,200
The police were clearly scared.
782
01:04:10,140 --> 01:04:11,260
I filmed it...
783
01:04:11,660 --> 01:04:14,180
...and I showed it as a victory for the movement.
784
01:04:14,840 --> 01:04:16,920
But, when I look back at these scenes again,...
785
01:04:16,920 --> 01:04:19,440
...and I unite them with the stories the police told us...
786
01:04:19,580 --> 01:04:23,300
...about how it was they who lived the fire of the police
stations in their 1968,...
787
01:04:24,340 --> 01:04:28,100
I ask myself: weren't some of our victories in the '60s...
788
01:04:28,100 --> 01:04:29,500
...made out of the same stuff?
789
01:04:30,740 --> 01:04:33,300
By then all we knew was that it was only a way of beginning...
790
01:04:33,300 --> 01:04:38,500
...and, if we had in any moment the sensation of...
791
01:04:39,380 --> 01:04:42,940
...euphoria of the revolution that began,...
792
01:04:47,420 --> 01:04:51,820
...it was false, it was tragic, but it was a great moment.
793
01:04:52,580 --> 01:04:56,460
They say '68/'69 in the United States were like '05 in Russia.
794
01:04:57,140 --> 01:04:59,980
That's good, because we still have 12 years to know if they
were right.
795
01:05:02,231 --> 01:05:05,689
The situation of the guerrilla today,...
796
01:05:07,770 --> 01:05:13,140
...can be defined as of some recovery...
797
01:05:13,409 --> 01:05:18,278
...in comparison to the long and hard process...
798
01:05:18,547 --> 01:05:21,311
...of crisis, of hardships...
799
01:05:21,584 --> 01:05:23,984
...that it went through in these last years.
800
01:05:23,985 --> 01:05:27,700
In 1970, after 8 years, Douglas Bravo is still giving interviews
in the mountains.
801
01:05:28,180 --> 01:05:29,580
He has no support.
802
01:05:29,580 --> 01:05:32,100
Cuban or otherwise.
803
01:05:32,128 --> 01:05:34,158
We could say that this crisis...
804
01:05:35,298 --> 01:05:38,665
...has its origins mainly in that...
805
01:05:38,935 --> 01:05:42,769
...in the first years of the struggle...
806
01:05:46,876 --> 01:05:50,869
...the movement used a tactic,...
807
01:05:51,147 --> 01:05:53,615
...that we can call 'insurrectionalist'.
808
01:05:53,916 --> 01:05:58,114
We wanted to make the revolution in Venezuela...
809
01:05:58,688 --> 01:06:00,553
...in the manner...
810
01:06:01,390 --> 01:06:03,358
...of the Russian revolution;
811
01:06:03,893 --> 01:06:10,425
Storming the major cities in a few days.
812
01:06:12,368 --> 01:06:18,932
Later, the Venezuelan revolutionary movement committed another
mistake,...
813
01:06:19,742 --> 01:06:23,508
...we could say that less so...
814
01:06:23,779 --> 01:06:25,610
...than in others countries in Latin America,...
815
01:06:25,915 --> 01:06:27,542
...but nonetheless committed it;
816
01:06:27,817 --> 01:06:30,445
Which was to apply...
817
01:06:30,753 --> 01:06:34,587
...the concept of 'Foquism'...
818
01:06:34,890 --> 01:06:41,820
...exposed by the philosopher and journalist Rйgis Debray...
819
01:06:42,098 --> 01:06:45,693
...in his book: Revolution in the Revolution.
820
01:06:45,780 --> 01:06:50,220
(1970. Rйgis Debray in his Bolivian jail)
There's no doubt the struggle is hard.
821
01:06:51,220 --> 01:06:52,660
Do you think it will go on?
Of course!
822
01:06:53,740 --> 01:06:56,660
Maybe in different forms,...
823
01:06:58,420 --> 01:07:01,860
but it will always be the same struggle, at least in Latin
America.
824
01:07:03,740 --> 01:07:06,940
Don't you think that the coming decade will be different from
the previous one?
825
01:07:07,260 --> 01:07:09,220
Of course, because it will be another decade.
826
01:07:12,580 --> 01:07:14,140
But the revolutionary struggle will continue...
827
01:07:15,620 --> 01:07:19,020
...in the way that each country, each nation, defines it...
828
01:07:20,500 --> 01:07:25,220
...specifically according to their tradition and national
reality.
829
01:07:26,100 --> 01:07:29,820
They will be as dramatic and hard...
830
01:07:29,820 --> 01:07:32,140
...as the ones from the past.
831
01:07:33,380 --> 01:07:36,580
My action has no particular character.
832
01:07:37,060 --> 01:07:40,060
I'd like it if it were part of a more general action.
833
01:07:41,380 --> 01:07:44,500
For the moment I'm inactive, so the question doesn't make
any sense.
834
01:07:45,300 --> 01:07:47,620
Freed during a democratic interlude in Bolivia,...
835
01:07:48,060 --> 01:07:50,460
Debray goes to Chile to observe a process...
836
01:07:50,460 --> 01:07:54,300
...that seems to be the antithesis of "Revolution in
the revolution".
837
01:07:55,100 --> 01:07:57,300
Thus his need to ask Salvador Allende...
838
01:07:57,300 --> 01:07:58,500
...about his relationship with the Cuban revolution.
839
01:08:00,276 --> 01:08:03,404
I arrived in Cuba on January 20, 1959,
840
01:08:03,779 --> 01:08:05,542
I arrived at a very curious moment.
841
01:08:05,815 --> 01:08:09,410
That afternoon there was a parade that was led by...
842
01:08:11,053 --> 01:08:14,454
...two hundred policemen from Miami, and in an open car,...
843
01:08:14,757 --> 01:08:16,987
...went the mayor of Miami...
844
01:08:18,327 --> 01:08:21,094
...and I think that the mayor of Havana was also there
845
01:08:21,397 --> 01:08:26,390
So the next morning I was considering taking a plane back
to Chile,
846
01:08:26,969 --> 01:08:30,700
When I met Carlos Rafael Rodriguez.
847
01:08:30,973 --> 01:08:33,567
He asked me, "What are you doing here?", I said
"I came to see this revolution"...
848
01:08:33,876 --> 01:08:35,537
but given that it doesn't really exist...
849
01:08:35,811 --> 01:08:38,371
Then he said, "You're mistaken, Salvador"...
850
01:08:38,647 --> 01:08:40,979
...stay here, talk with the leaders".
851
01:08:41,717 --> 01:08:46,111
And he got me in touch with Raul Castro...
852
01:08:46,388 --> 01:08:51,193
...and then, immediately, I went to see Fidel.
853
01:08:54,130 --> 01:08:56,997
We were in a big hall, and there were guajiros...
854
01:08:57,266 --> 01:09:01,327
...playing checkers, guns everywhere....
855
01:09:01,637 --> 01:09:03,366
...I have a photo somewhere.
856
01:09:03,672 --> 01:09:07,267
I was close to a chimney, which was the only clear place
857
01:09:07,543 --> 01:09:11,980
...and there were the two of us talking.
858
01:09:12,381 --> 01:09:14,008
From the start I was impressed...
859
01:09:14,316 --> 01:09:16,807
...by his overflowing intelligence, this incredible...
860
01:09:17,186 --> 01:09:20,713
...overwhelming thing which is like a human waterfall.
861
01:09:35,060 --> 01:09:37,420
Here, Fidel is revealing the secrets...
862
01:09:37,420 --> 01:09:40,260
...of Italian cuisine to the Italian editor Feltrinelli.
863
01:09:40,269 --> 01:09:43,545
Bechamel sauce, with meat. 5 stacks
864
01:09:43,812 --> 01:09:47,714
Half an hour in the oven at an adequate temperature.
865
01:09:48,551 --> 01:09:52,009
Wait, I forgot; On top of the bechamel, cheese!
866
01:09:54,100 --> 01:09:58,140
Fidel had the ability of great actors to transform the accidental
in legendary.
867
01:09:58,620 --> 01:10:01,340
This gesture, for example, of moving the microphones,...
868
01:10:01,820 --> 01:10:03,300
...born out of the need of keeping his hands busy...
869
01:10:03,320 --> 01:10:05,300
...when he was still an inexperienced speaker.
870
01:10:05,900 --> 01:10:11,460
It has become a ritual gesture, which Cubans anticipate delighted
before his speeches.
871
01:10:12,380 --> 01:10:15,200
Only once did he find microphones which couldn't be moved.
872
01:10:15,300 --> 01:10:16,420
In Moscow.
873
01:10:19,381 --> 01:10:20,973
Long live...
874
01:10:22,084 --> 01:10:25,815
...proletarian Internationalism!
875
01:10:33,929 --> 01:10:35,396
Long live...
876
01:10:36,832 --> 01:10:38,663
...the friendship...
877
01:10:38,934 --> 01:10:43,462
...between the Soviet and Cuban peoples!
878
01:10:54,750 --> 01:10:56,217
Long live...
879
01:10:56,485 --> 01:10:58,817
...the Soviet Union!
880
01:11:03,592 --> 01:11:05,822
The time will come when the revolution,...
881
01:11:06,028 --> 01:11:08,792
...which is today a dynamic process,...
882
01:11:08,964 --> 01:11:11,824
...that destroys the old and builds the new...
883
01:11:12,034 --> 01:11:14,434
...will institutionalise itself!
884
01:11:14,637 --> 01:11:16,571
Neither we are eternal...
885
01:11:16,772 --> 01:11:20,139
...nor is this time of Revolution eternal.
886
01:11:20,342 --> 01:11:22,173
The day will come when...
887
01:11:22,378 --> 01:11:25,609
...this new order the revolution is creating...
888
01:11:25,814 --> 01:11:30,012
...will acquire an institutional character.
889
01:11:30,219 --> 01:11:33,188
And this essential and real democracy...
890
01:11:33,389 --> 01:11:36,085
...will acquire new forms.
891
01:11:51,674 --> 01:11:54,575
Meanwhile, we have elections here every month...
892
01:11:54,877 --> 01:11:56,572
...but at the public square.
893
01:12:01,917 --> 01:12:04,852
Here we could ask...
894
01:12:06,088 --> 01:12:08,386
...is anyone against?
895
01:12:13,028 --> 01:12:15,588
Does anyone abstain?
896
01:12:17,499 --> 01:12:20,866
Then, the resolutions of the congress...
897
01:12:21,136 --> 01:12:23,263
...are approved by unanimity!
898
01:12:33,140 --> 01:12:35,820
(1975, Year of the institutionalisation)
899
01:12:35,920 --> 01:12:38,820
(I Congress of the Cuban Communist Party)
900
01:12:44,580 --> 01:12:49,420
Among the speakers: Mikhail Suslov.
901
01:12:52,420 --> 01:12:54,420
Janos Kadar.
902
01:12:56,100 --> 01:12:58,460
General Giap.
903
01:13:23,766 --> 01:13:26,667
Everything is resumed in the Party.
904
01:13:27,770 --> 01:13:31,365
It synthesises the dreams of the revolutionaries...
905
01:13:31,673 --> 01:13:34,073
...of all our history.
906
01:13:34,543 --> 01:13:37,307
It specifies the ideas, the principles...
907
01:13:37,579 --> 01:13:39,945
...and the strength of the Revolution.
908
01:13:40,449 --> 01:13:43,441
It absorbs our individualisms...
909
01:13:43,752 --> 01:13:47,449
...and teaches us to think in terms of collectivity.
910
01:13:47,756 --> 01:13:49,781
It is our educator,...
911
01:13:50,058 --> 01:13:52,618
...our teacher, our guide,...
912
01:13:52,895 --> 01:13:55,056
...our vigilant conscience.
913
01:13:55,330 --> 01:13:57,821
When aren't ourselves able...
914
01:13:58,100 --> 01:14:00,660
...to see our mistakes, our faults...
915
01:14:00,936 --> 01:14:02,665
...and our limitations.
916
01:14:03,005 --> 01:14:06,974
(Mъjica, Venezuelan Communist Party)
The Cuban case won't be repeated!
917
01:14:06,974 --> 01:14:09,776
Marx said it, History doesn't repeat itself...
918
01:14:10,045 --> 01:14:12,377
...and when it does...
919
01:14:12,648 --> 01:14:14,980
...it is as a farce!
920
01:14:15,350 --> 01:14:20,151
(Volodia Teitelboim, Chilean Communist Party)
We believe that after the Cuban Revolution
921
01:14:20,456 --> 01:14:23,289
North-American imperialism was put into alert...
922
01:14:23,592 --> 01:14:26,356
...and it has set up in our countries...
923
01:14:26,628 --> 01:14:29,119
...an anti-guerrilla apparatus...
924
01:14:29,431 --> 01:14:31,729
...that cannot be easily overcome.
925
01:14:32,240 --> 01:14:34,320
(Wallender, The Pentagon)
926
01:14:38,173 --> 01:14:40,903
That's why the Chilean way...
927
01:14:41,176 --> 01:14:44,373
...which is the way of an entire people...
928
01:14:44,780 --> 01:14:47,305
...willing to do the Revolution...
929
01:14:47,516 --> 01:14:50,713
...is much better protected...
930
01:14:50,986 --> 01:14:53,113
...against an imperialist attack...
931
01:14:53,388 --> 01:14:57,449
...and more effective, as far as results go,...
932
01:14:57,726 --> 01:15:01,856
...than the heroics of a few young men...
933
01:15:02,130 --> 01:15:05,588
...in a mountain or in a city to overthrow a government.
934
01:15:06,780 --> 01:15:12,300
The government of Popular Unity that will take place in Chile,...
935
01:15:12,300 --> 01:15:14,380
...that should take place in Chile,...
936
01:15:15,380 --> 01:15:20,100
...with the designation of Allende as President of the Republic,...
937
01:15:21,860 --> 01:15:24,700
...is not necessarily a government of Marxist ideology.
938
01:15:25,980 --> 01:15:27,780
It is a government of unity...
939
01:15:28,460 --> 01:15:33,020
...that will include communists, socialists and radicals.
940
01:15:34,740 --> 01:15:36,420
In our view, we consider...
941
01:15:36,920 --> 01:15:40,620
(Lille, 1970. Georges Marchais)
942
01:15:40,620 --> 01:15:42,740
...the Chilean experience...
943
01:15:42,740 --> 01:15:47,420
...confirms the thesis of the French Communist Party.
944
01:15:49,380 --> 01:15:53,260
This thesis is that the union of the parties of the left...
945
01:15:54,740 --> 01:15:59,540
...with a clear programme, with a clear perspective,...
946
01:16:00,820 --> 01:16:07,220
...will allow for the formation of a Popular Unity...
947
01:16:08,020 --> 01:16:11,940
...strong enough to defeat the bourgeoisie.
948
01:16:13,780 --> 01:16:19,020
I must underline that, after the triumph of Salvador Allende,...
949
01:16:20,740 --> 01:16:23,500
...a few democrats...
950
01:16:24,700 --> 01:16:26,420
...some Christian-democrats included,...
951
01:16:27,460 --> 01:16:29,740
(First image taken of Allende as President)
952
01:16:31,260 --> 01:16:34,620
...at first hesitant towards the Popular Unity,...
953
01:16:36,100 --> 01:16:38,020
...now offer their support.
954
01:16:39,020 --> 01:16:43,300
This is the plain confirmation of the thesis of the Communists.
955
01:16:44,300 --> 01:16:48,700
The union of the parties and forces of the left...
956
01:16:50,460 --> 01:16:55,380
...is capable of setting off, in a given country,...
957
01:16:55,380 --> 01:16:58,260
...and I think it is our case, too,...
958
01:16:58,980 --> 01:17:04,020
...a majority movement capable of defeating the bourgeoisie.
959
01:17:04,980 --> 01:17:08,260
We salute this Chilean experience.
960
01:17:09,940 --> 01:17:11,740
And what's more, let me say this.
961
01:17:12,460 --> 01:17:16,380
Given that this is a very dangerous experience for the capitalists...
962
01:17:16,420 --> 01:17:20,060
...there's risk of pressure, even intervention,...
963
01:17:20,060 --> 01:17:22,980
...specially of American imperialism.
964
01:17:24,020 --> 01:17:29,180
I'm sure that if such intervention ever took place in Chile,...
965
01:17:30,060 --> 01:17:33,700
The French Communist Party and, I'm sure, the rest of the
parties of the left,...
966
01:17:33,980 --> 01:17:39,060
...will know how to take initiatives that lead to the full
support of the French democrats...
967
01:17:39,060 --> 01:17:40,660
...to our Chilean comrades.
968
01:17:52,900 --> 01:17:59,300
(Santiago, 1972. Allende meets with workers from a nationalised
factory)
969
01:18:01,476 --> 01:18:03,376
The good things and the bad things!
970
01:18:03,779 --> 01:18:08,307
And now it'll be the same. For there are some journalists
here; And I'm glad for that.
971
01:18:08,517 --> 01:18:10,917
Chileans and foreign...
972
01:18:11,286 --> 01:18:13,117
Let them stay...
973
01:18:13,488 --> 01:18:15,388
...specially the foreign ones.
974
01:18:15,657 --> 01:18:17,818
So that they inform their countries,...
975
01:18:18,026 --> 01:18:20,859
...and say that in this country there is a real democracy.
976
01:18:21,063 --> 01:18:24,294
Which doesn't exist in countries which talk about it so much.
977
01:18:33,675 --> 01:18:35,302
I've been here for two days.
978
01:18:37,179 --> 01:18:39,272
I've seen positive things.
979
01:18:39,915 --> 01:18:42,349
And I've seen negative things.
980
01:18:43,151 --> 01:18:44,641
Negative things such as:
981
01:18:45,987 --> 01:18:50,947
There's no direct participation of workers here.
982
01:18:51,259 --> 01:18:53,159
Grave error!
983
01:18:53,628 --> 01:18:55,562
You must correct that.
984
01:18:56,732 --> 01:18:59,064
The production committees...
985
01:18:59,634 --> 01:19:02,967
...have as essential base...
986
01:19:03,271 --> 01:19:05,739
...to let any comrade know,...
987
01:19:06,007 --> 01:19:09,067
...wherever may he work,...
988
01:19:09,411 --> 01:19:11,572
...what is the task...
989
01:19:12,047 --> 01:19:19,114
...he and all those who work at his section have to fulfil...
990
01:19:20,055 --> 01:19:23,889
...in the context of the plan that has to be discussed, analysed,
criticised...
991
01:19:24,192 --> 01:19:26,752
...in partial meetings...
992
01:19:27,028 --> 01:19:28,962
...and then at the General Assemblies.
993
01:19:29,297 --> 01:19:31,231
On Sunday...
994
01:19:31,500 --> 01:19:33,900
...or Saturday afternoons.
995
01:19:34,236 --> 01:19:35,828
Do you understand?
996
01:19:37,572 --> 01:19:39,631
It's very sad to hear that when...
997
01:19:40,275 --> 01:19:44,336
...assemblies are called to study the Plans...
998
01:19:44,613 --> 01:19:47,980
...not many comrades come.
999
01:19:49,885 --> 01:19:53,218
That shows a lack of political conscience!
1000
01:19:54,356 --> 01:19:57,189
And where does all this process of change...
1001
01:19:57,692 --> 01:20:00,752
...to see a different society rest on?
1002
01:20:01,029 --> 01:20:03,190
The workers!
1003
01:20:04,633 --> 01:20:08,296
On the production, the productivity!
1004
01:20:11,173 --> 01:20:13,664
The worker who takes part...
1005
01:20:13,942 --> 01:20:16,206
...understands that before he was just another machine...
1006
01:20:16,511 --> 01:20:18,376
...or even less than that.
1007
01:20:18,747 --> 01:20:20,476
Today, he's a human being...
1008
01:20:20,749 --> 01:20:23,741
...who realises that this business belongs to him...
1009
01:20:24,019 --> 01:20:26,010
...because it belongs to the people...
1010
01:20:26,288 --> 01:20:28,051
...and he is part of the people.
1011
01:20:28,356 --> 01:20:30,756
And its awful to think...
1012
01:20:31,026 --> 01:20:32,653
that there are workers...
1013
01:20:32,928 --> 01:20:35,556
...capable of stealing from their own industry,...
1014
01:20:36,431 --> 01:20:38,922
...from a factory that is his!
1015
01:20:40,535 --> 01:20:42,469
As I realised...
1016
01:20:44,739 --> 01:20:47,230
...that there was a rejection...
1017
01:20:47,742 --> 01:20:50,267
...of those who don't work well...
1018
01:20:50,545 --> 01:20:53,173
...and are paid as though they did...
1019
01:20:53,448 --> 01:20:55,939
...and it's very good that it was said!
1020
01:20:56,852 --> 01:21:00,310
The lazy cannot live at the expense of those who work...
1021
01:21:00,589 --> 01:21:04,389
...nor can they be rewarded.
1022
01:21:04,659 --> 01:21:06,456
There can be no political tag...
1023
01:21:06,728 --> 01:21:09,788
...for he who defends someone unwilling to work in a State
enterprise.
1024
01:21:10,065 --> 01:21:12,056
The Party's card...
1025
01:21:12,334 --> 01:21:14,268
...gives neither capacity nor honesty:
1026
01:21:14,536 --> 01:21:17,630
Each has to earn the right of being respected!
1027
01:21:29,818 --> 01:21:32,412
Would it be acceptable if you said:
1028
01:21:32,687 --> 01:21:35,622
"Levelling out, or otherwise, strike"?
1029
01:21:37,392 --> 01:21:39,360
Would it be fair? No!
1030
01:21:39,995 --> 01:21:42,088
Would it be effective? No!
1031
01:21:42,397 --> 01:21:44,058
Will I send in the police...
1032
01:21:44,499 --> 01:21:46,626
...to send you back to work? No!
1033
01:21:46,902 --> 01:21:50,167
Will I promote confrontations that mean workers getting shot?
1034
01:21:50,505 --> 01:21:51,529
No!
1035
01:21:52,507 --> 01:21:55,965
I have to speak to you, I have to explain things to you...
1036
01:21:56,244 --> 01:21:58,144
...to make you understand,...
1037
01:21:58,780 --> 01:22:01,578
...and if reason is not enough...
1038
01:22:01,850 --> 01:22:03,579
...nor is moral strength,...
1039
01:22:03,852 --> 01:22:06,320
I'll have nothing else to do but leave.
1040
01:22:06,588 --> 01:22:10,786
What am I going to do? Stay calm while I see that in this
country,...
1041
01:22:11,059 --> 01:22:13,687
...unless drastic measures are taken,...
1042
01:22:13,895 --> 01:22:17,797
...we'll loose ourselves in an inflationist spiral?
1043
01:22:19,768 --> 01:22:21,395
No, I can't do that.
1044
01:22:22,337 --> 01:22:23,531
So,...
1045
01:22:24,139 --> 01:22:28,672
...we have all the disadvantages...
1046
01:22:29,077 --> 01:22:32,513
...of the capitalist regime, without any advantage of socialism.
1047
01:22:32,714 --> 01:22:36,506
We are in the middle, comrades, sandwiched.
1048
01:22:37,485 --> 01:22:40,352
Yesterday I was saying:
1049
01:22:41,289 --> 01:22:43,553
What a drama it is for me...
1050
01:22:43,825 --> 01:22:46,453
...that when I drive by with three cars,...
1051
01:22:46,728 --> 01:22:48,958
...because of security.
1052
01:22:49,230 --> 01:22:52,528
Because there are those who'd like I didn't have such a good
health..
1053
01:23:01,910 --> 01:23:03,207
September 11, 1973
1054
01:23:04,220 --> 01:23:06,500
(Last image taken of Allende as President)
1055
01:23:06,680 --> 01:23:08,340
(Beatriz "Tati" Allende
Havana, September, 1973.)
1056
01:23:08,785 --> 01:23:12,582
I'm not here to read a speech. I come simply...
1057
01:23:12,854 --> 01:23:15,948
...to say to this fraternal people...
1058
01:23:16,224 --> 01:23:19,887
...how were the hours we lived at the Moneda Palace...
1059
01:23:20,195 --> 01:23:22,186
...the morning of September 11.
1060
01:23:23,131 --> 01:23:25,725
In this act of solidarity with Chile,...
1061
01:23:26,101 --> 01:23:27,693
...I would like to tell you,...
1062
01:23:27,969 --> 01:23:30,460
...what my father asked me to transmit to you,...
1063
01:23:30,739 --> 01:23:35,071
...those words he confided me under fire:
1064
01:23:35,377 --> 01:23:39,541
"Tell Fidel I'll carry out my duty."
1065
01:23:53,660 --> 01:23:55,540
On October 13, 1977 Beatriz Allende
will commit suicide in Havana,...
1066
01:24:01,940 --> 01:24:04,480
...like her father had done four years earlier.
1067
01:24:06,474 --> 01:24:10,205
Today, from this free territory in America,...
1068
01:24:10,512 --> 01:24:13,174
...we can say to our comrade-president:
1069
01:24:13,448 --> 01:24:15,814
"Your people will not give in!
1070
01:24:16,117 --> 01:24:19,177
Your people will not fold the flag of Revolution
1071
01:24:19,454 --> 01:24:22,582
The struggle to the death with fascism has began...
1072
01:24:22,857 --> 01:24:25,985
...and will end the day we have a free Chile,...
1073
01:24:26,261 --> 01:24:28,422
...sovereign, socialist...
1074
01:24:28,696 --> 01:24:31,995
...for which you fought and gave your life.
1075
01:24:37,372 --> 01:24:39,738
Dear comrade-president,
1076
01:24:40,008 --> 01:24:41,771
We shall win!
1077
01:25:26,354 --> 01:25:29,687
Two people impressed me...
1078
01:25:29,991 --> 01:25:34,087
with something I couldn't find in others: Their gaze.
1079
01:25:35,029 --> 01:25:36,496
Chou-En-Lai...
1080
01:25:37,866 --> 01:25:39,424
...and Che Guevara.
1081
01:25:40,068 --> 01:25:43,504
In both there was an inner strength.
1082
01:25:44,005 --> 01:25:47,099
In both there was resolve.
1083
01:25:47,375 --> 01:25:49,775
In both there was irony.
1084
01:25:56,221 --> 01:26:01,621
Imagine now that the person who did this film in 1977...
1085
01:26:01,622 --> 01:26:04,622
(Paris, May 1st, 1977)
...had the opportunity to see this images after a long interval.
1086
01:26:05,622 --> 01:26:10,222
It could be, for example, 1993, 15 years later; What youth
lasts.
1087
01:26:22,900 --> 01:26:27,740
He could meditate about how time passes and look at what has
changed in a very simple way:
1088
01:26:28,060 --> 01:26:30,940
Listing words that had no meaning for the people of the '60s.
1089
01:26:31,700 --> 01:26:36,640
Words like: boat-people, AIDS, thatcherism,...
1090
01:26:36,640 --> 01:26:42,460
...ayatollah, occupied territories,
Perestroika, cohabitation.
1091
01:26:42,860 --> 01:26:45,700
And this acronym, that replaced USSR, that no-one would recognise:...
1092
01:26:45,701 --> 01:26:47,701
...C.I.S.
1093
01:26:49,640 --> 01:26:50,760
The communist dream is over.
1094
01:26:52,160 --> 01:26:53,960
Capitalism won the battle, if not the war.
1095
01:26:55,680 --> 01:26:57,520
But in a paradoxical logic,...
1096
01:26:57,520 --> 01:27:01,000
...some of the staunchest opponents
of Soviet totalitarianism,...
1097
01:27:01,000 --> 01:27:04,400
...these men of the New Left to whom this film is largely
devoted,...
1098
01:27:04,840 --> 01:27:06,040
...fell into the same whirlwind.
1099
01:27:07,300 --> 01:27:11,938
(Portugal, 1974)
The left opposition died with Stalinism. They were dialectically
linked,...
1100
01:27:12,198 --> 01:27:14,323
...like the scorpion and the frog in Orson Welles' film.
1101
01:27:15,118 --> 01:27:17,376
It was their character.
1102
01:27:19,020 --> 01:27:22,300
For the fourth time, the terrestrial arms exposition...
1103
01:27:22,300 --> 01:27:24,220
...has taken place in Satory...
1104
01:27:24,220 --> 01:27:27,100
...to promote the exportation of...
1105
01:27:27,100 --> 01:27:29,940
...the most modern arms available.
1106
01:27:30,440 --> 01:27:32,904
One hundred fifty expositors present seven hundred pieces
of...
1107
01:27:33,266 --> 01:27:36,387
...military equipment to forty foreign delegations.
1108
01:27:36,740 --> 01:27:39,460
Thus, our author marvels at the ingenuity...
1109
01:27:39,460 --> 01:27:43,000
...of History, which always seems to have
more imagination than ourselves.
1110
01:27:43,740 --> 01:27:46,980
He thinks of the ending of the film he finished in 1977,...
1111
01:27:47,060 --> 01:27:49,300
...where he compared the arms trade of the great powers...
1112
01:27:49,300 --> 01:27:51,580
...with the plans carried out...
1113
01:27:51,580 --> 01:27:54,340
...to try to keep the population
of wolves at an acceptable figure.
1114
01:27:56,480 --> 01:27:58,860
Guess who are they arm today...
1115
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:10,340
However, there's one comforting thought;...
1116
01:28:11,420 --> 01:28:14,580
...Fifteen years later, there are still some wolves left.
1117
01:28:19,900 --> 01:28:23,940
The real authors of this film, though they haven't been consulted...
1118
01:28:23,940 --> 01:28:26,500
...about the use given here to their documents,
1119
01:28:26,500 --> 01:28:29,620
...are the countless cameras, sound engineers,...
1120
01:28:29,620 --> 01:28:31,780
...witnesses and militants whose work relentlessly...
1121
01:28:31,780 --> 01:28:34,780
...opposes that of the Powers That Be,...
1122
01:28:34,780 --> 01:28:37,100
...and who will not leave our memory.
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